“…In aquaculture operations, the quality of feed is a fundamental requirement that must be met (Ahmed, 2007;Singha et al, 2020). Besides the quality, digestibility of nutrients also impacts water quality, disease outbreak (Heal et al, 2021), total yield, and, consequently, the business profitability (Guo et al, 2020;Hassaan et al, 2020a;Kong et al, 2020;Nguyen et al, 2020a). While the sustainable use of feed is a challenge to the aquaculture industry, many strategies have been implemented, including the replacement of fishmeal (Perez-Velazquez et al, 2019;Li et al, 2020), the use of byproducts (Irm et al, 2020), selective breeding (Carlberg et al, 2018), minimizing nutrient waste (de Verdal et al, 2018), and, most recently, the use of feed additives including probiotics (Haque et al, 2021b;Hasan et al, 2021a), and nanoparticles (NPs) (Abd El-Naby et al, 2019;Rathore et al, 2020).…”