The effect of different diluents on the formation of N-vinylcarbazole-divinylbenzene copolymer beads

Hamid, M. R.; Naheed, Riffat; Fuzail, Muhammad; Rehman, Ejaz Ur

doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(98)00267-5

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Macroporous beaded polymers (Wijnhoven and Vos 1998), with permanent porous structure, are formed by the presence of an inert porogen in the polymerization reaction and these find wide use. The porogen may either be an organic solvent which is miscible with the monomers (Horak et al 1981;Lewandowski et al 1998b;Hamid et al 1999) or a linear polymer which is soluble in the monomer phase (Liang et al 1997). The internal macroporous morphology is characterized by interconnected channels (pores), which permeate the rigid, extensively crosslinked polymer matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized polymer networks: synthesis of microporous polymers by frontal polymerization

et al. 2004

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A series of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-ethylene dimethacrylate (EGDM) copolymers of varying compositions were synthesized by free-radically triggered thermal frontal polymerization (FP) as well as by suspension polymerization (SP) using azobisisobutyronitrile [AIBN] as initiator. The two sets of copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry, for determination of epoxy number and specific surface area. Frontal polymerization was more efficient, yielding greater conversions at much shorter reaction times. The self-propagating frontal polymerization also generates microporous material with narrow pore size distribution. It yields higher internal pore volume and surface area than suspension polymerization, surface morphologies are, however, inferior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized polymer networks: synthesis of microporous polymers by frontal polymerization

et al. 2004

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“…The mixture is comprised of a suspension stabilizer in water in a reactor vessel at ~60–70 °C with mechanical stirring at a suitable speed for a desired particle size. The reaction is maintained ~80 °C for 3–24 hours and the resulting spherical particles are washed with water, ethanol, or methanol, and extracted with a suitable solvent such as acetone for 24–48 hours [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 40 ]. A commonly used polymerization initiator agent is α-α’-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN).…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The period of phase separation, shown in Figure 1 , is the main rate determining step. As a general rule, phase separation will occur at a much later stage if the porogen is a “good” solvent or a solvating diluent [ 24 ], i.e ., miscible with both the monomer and its resulting polymer. On the other hand, the “bad” solvent or non-solvating diluent has poor miscibility at the polymer level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of low molecular weight solvent porogens include toluene, hexane, cyclohexanone, 2-ethylhexanol, p -xylene, n -heptane [ 2 , 4 , 15 , 16 ] and an example of a higher molecular weight solvent is poly(ethylene glycol) [ 15 , 23 ]. On the other hand, inorganic porogens include sodium chloride [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], silica [ 25 ], sodium hydrogen carbonate [ 27 ] and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. SCD is a suitable porogen substitute for other types of solvents that are otherwise challenging to remove from the polymer matrix at the purification stage and/or polymers which are sensitive to very small composition changes of the porogenic solvent mixtures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The criteria for choosing porogenic solvents is often based on their respective molecular size [ 24 ], alky chain length [ 31 ], mixtures of lipophilic and hydrophilic porogens [ 32 ], and solubility parameter (SP) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The SP was identified as a quantitative criterion for predicting the pore structure properties of polymers; however, the SP was not adequately addressed in other studies [ 12 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Porous Copolymer Resins: Tuning Pore Structure and Surface Area with Non Reactive Porogens

Mohamed¹,

Wilson

2012

Nanomaterials

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In this review, the preparation of porous copolymer resin (PCR) materials via suspension polymerization with variable properties are described by tuning the polymerization reaction, using solvents which act as porogens, to yield microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous materials. The porogenic properties of solvents are related to traditional solubility parameters which yield significant changes in the surface area, porosity, pore volume, and morphology of the polymeric materials. The mutual solubility characteristics of the solvents, monomer units, and the polymeric resins contribute to the formation of porous materials with tunable pore structures and surface areas. The importance of the initiator solubility, surface effects, the temporal variation of solvent composition during polymerization, and temperature effects contribute to the variable physicochemical properties of the PCR materials. An improved understanding of the factors governing the mechanism of formation for PCR materials will contribute to the development and design of versatile materials with tunable properties for a wide range of technical applications.

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A novel approach to the interpretation and prediction of solvent effects in the synthesis of macroporous polymers

Scheler

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A trivariate interpolation technique, the modified Shepard's method, was applied for the first time to explain and predict various properties of macroporous polymers from the Hansen solubility parameters of the porogens employed for polymerization. Highly crosslinked polymers and copolymers were prepared from ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methacrylic acid by free-radical polymerization with 30 different porogenic solvents. Instead of the spherical model used by Hansen, detailed three-dimensional maps were computed to represent the measured properties in a, and d h are the Hansen solubility parameters according to the three types of bonding forces: dispersion, polar, and hydrogen-bonding, respectively). This method was able to detect unapparent correlations between the different polymer properties, thus providing a better understanding of the pore-formation process. An important finding was the crucial role of the initiator solubility and its partitioning between the solution and the polymer surface, which proved to be key factors for the explanation of many contradictory solvent effects.

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The effect of different diluents on the formation of N-vinylcarbazole-divinylbenzene copolymer beads

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Functionalized polymer networks: synthesis of microporous polymers by frontal polymerization

Functionalized polymer networks: synthesis of microporous polymers by frontal polymerization

Porous Copolymer Resins: Tuning Pore Structure and Surface Area with Non Reactive Porogens

A novel approach to the interpretation and prediction of solvent effects in the synthesis of macroporous polymers

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