The effect of different training programs on antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes

Abstract

We compared the effects of 12 weeks of 3 different exercise types on type 2 diabetic (T2DM) male and female human subjects, randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training (AT; n = 11), strength training (ST; n = 10), combined training (CBT; n = 10), and no training (NT; n = 12). Metabolic control, anthropometric parameters, lipid and hematological profiles, kidney and liver function markers, hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress markers were assessed prior to and after the training programs. At baseline, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A(1c) in the ST group were higher than in the NT group; after the training, we no longer observed differences in these groups, suggesting an improvement on these parameters. In the AT group, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, nitrite concentration, levels of sulfhydryl groups, and peak rate of oxygen consumption were elevated after the training (p < 0.05). No changes were observed in antioxidant enzymes or oxidative stress markers in the ST group. The levels of sulfhydryl groups diminished in the NT group (p < 0.01) and increased in the CBT group (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the AT program for the T2DM subjects provided important upregulation in antioxidant enzymes and increased nitric oxide bioavailability, which may help minimize oxidative stress and the development of the chronic complications of diabetes. We propose that the beneficial effects observed in the metabolic parameters of the ST group occurred in response to the poor baseline metabolic health n this group, and not necessarily in response to the training itself.

Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

“…Overall, a total of 14 trials (16 reports) extracted from 9,477 articles met the eligibility requirements and were included for the present systematic review and meta-analysis [15][16][17][18][19][20][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. One study was excluded since it was not described as randomised [41], and two trials provided no information on whether the AET was supervised [42,43].…”

“…To process the data for the meta-analysis, we imputed the data for the changes from baseline means and their SDs. When the SDs for the changes from baseline values were not available [15][16][17][18][19][20], the postintervention values with the corresponding SDs were imputed, according the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook [13].…”

Endothelial NO synthase and reactive oxygen species mediated effect of simvastatin on vessel structure and function: Pleiotropic and dose-dependent effect on tumor vascular stabilization

“…Oxidative stress and elevated ROS generation have been incriminated in many pathological conditions, including diabetes and cancer (14,15). Hypoxia and other adverse stimuli inducing high levels of ROS contribute to endothelium dysfunction and apoptosis in both diabetic retina and tumor microenvironment (16)(17)(18).…”

Resistance and Aerobic Training in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Regarding the higher concentration of nitrate in this group, the data suggested that the AE training may improve the antioxidant action and increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, minimizing the deleterious effects of oxidative stress. So, [18] indicated that this modality may offer additional protection to patients with DM2 due to its antioxidant action [18]. A differential of this work in relation to those published by [16] and Sparks et al (2012) is the shorter period of intervention, which could be insufficient to detect more expressive results, besides the sample selected have a lower body mass index [16][17][18].…”