2019
DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.12630
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The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

Abstract: Objectives. What distinguishes between National Football League (NFL) players who participated in protests during the National Anthem and those who did not? Does the finding of a personal vulnerability constraint in high-risk activism apply to this relatively elite population? Methods. Protest participation during 2017 was determined for every NFL player, along with several variables pertaining to their performance, compensation, and the political atmosphere of their team. Results. Bivariate and multivariate t… Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(24 citation statements)
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“…These consequences were clearly anticipated by players, who were strongly affected by their economic status when deciding whether to participate in the anthem protest in the first place (Niven, ). Indeed, the players’ actions fit strongly within the tradition identified in White, Laird, and Allen () of African Americans sacrificing their own political self‐interest in seeking to empower their community.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 3 more Smart Citations
“…These consequences were clearly anticipated by players, who were strongly affected by their economic status when deciding whether to participate in the anthem protest in the first place (Niven, ). Indeed, the players’ actions fit strongly within the tradition identified in White, Laird, and Allen () of African Americans sacrificing their own political self‐interest in seeking to empower their community.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, if highly visible, highly compensated, highly valuable employees can be subject to reprisals for workplace activism, the results here are a strong assertion of the potential for reprisals against virtually any stratum of the workforce. And it is that very potential for reprisals that stifles workplace activism, as seventh‐round draft picks were 77 percent less likely to join the anthem protest than their safer first‐round colleagues (Niven, ), and office workers avoid taking stands in conflict with the CEO's thinking (Briscoe, Chin, and Hambrick, ), and fast food workers wonder if speaking out will mean the end of their jobs (Meyer, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…While several white players participated in the anthem protests, African American players comprised the overwhelming majority of the NFL's protesters (Niven 2019), many explaining their participation with direct reference to race. Malcolm Jenkins of the Philadelphia Eagles, for example, said he was protesting because "there's just a lot of things systematically that have been set up in this country since its inception 1 Kaepernick's failure to attract any offers was the subject of litigation, ultimately settled by an undisclosed payment from the league (Belson 2019).…”
Section: Sports and Politics And Racementioning
confidence: 99%