The effect of egg size on hatch time and metabolic rate: theoretical and empirical insights on developing insect embryos

Maino, James L.; Pirtle, Elia I.; Kearney, Michael R.

doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12702

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…In birds, insects, fish and plants, offspring size strongly affects amongspecies patterns in time to hatching or germination (Maino, Pirtle, & Kearney, 2017;Moles & Westoby, 2003;Pauly & Pullin, 1988;Rahn & Ar, 1974). Similar effects are observed in mammals with regard to gestation (Blueweiss et al, 1978).…”

Section: Offspring Size and The Duration Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Very early studies also supported the idea that larger eggs take longer to become larvae (Morgulis, ), and as Vance's pioneering models, it has become increasingly apparent that embryos from larger‐egged species take longer to develop than embryos from smaller‐egged species. In birds, insects, fish and plants, offspring size strongly affects among‐species patterns in time to hatching or germination (Maino, Pirtle, & Kearney, ; Moles & Westoby, ; Pauly & Pullin, ; Rahn & Ar, ). Similar effects are observed in mammals with regard to gestation (Blueweiss et al., ).…”

Section: Introduction—offspring Size a Universal Functional Trait?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A global synthesis of offspring size variation, its eco‐evolutionary causes and consequences

2018

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Offspring size is a key functional trait that can affect all phases of the life history, from birth to reproduction, and is common to all the Metazoa. Despite its ubiquity, reviews of this trait tend to be taxon‐specific. We explored the causes and consequences of offspring size variation across plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. We find that offspring size shows clear latitudinal patterns among species: fish, amphibians, invertebrates and birds show a positive covariation in offspring size with latitude; plants and turtles show a negative covariation with latitude. We highlight the developmental window hypothesis as an explanation for why plants and turtles show negative covariance with latitude. Meanwhile, we find evidence for stronger, positive selection on offspring size at higher latitudes for most animals. Offspring size also varies at all scales of organization, from populations through to broods from the same female. We explore the reasons for this variation and suspect that much of this variation is adaptive, but in many cases, there are too few tests to generalize. We show that larger offspring lose relatively less energy during development to independence such that larger offspring may have greater net energy budgets than smaller offspring. Larger offspring therefore enter the independent phase with relatively more energy reserves than smaller offspring. This may explain why larger offspring tend to outperform smaller offspring but more work on how offspring size affects energy acquisition is needed. While life‐history theorists have been fascinated by offspring size for over a century, key knowledge gaps remain. One important next step is to estimate the true energy costs of producing offspring of different sizes and numbers. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13099/suppinfo is available for this article.

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Section: Offspring Size and The Duration Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introduction—offspring Size a Universal Functional Trait?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A global synthesis of offspring size variation, its eco‐evolutionary causes and consequences

2018

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“…Although producing large eggs will likely reduce the larval period, it will at the same time increase the developmental time of the embryo (Marshall and Keough 2007; Maino et al. 2016; Marshall et al. 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat deterioration promotes the evolution of direct development in metamorphosing species

2020

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Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life‐cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, for example, many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, for example, some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size‐structured consumer‐resource models in conjunction with the adaptive‐dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. Although this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favorable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes.

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“…For developmental traits, a set of references were assembled from the embryological and ecological literature, and then used to compile data on interval between syncytial mitoses, time to cellularization, and duration of embryogenesis. Developmental rate observations were rescaled to approximate rates at a standardized temperature of 20°C following previous work 19 . For a full list of sources, methods used in this calculation, and further discussion of developmental trait definitions, see the Supplemental Information, section “Collecting developmental time data”.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology, not developmental rate

Church

Donoughe

Medeiros

et al. 2018

Preprint

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1AbstractThe evolution of organism size is hypothesized to be predicted by a combination of development, morphological constraints, and ecological pressures. However, tests of these predictions using phylogenetic methods have been limited by taxon sampling. To overcome this limitation, we generated a database of more than ten thousand observations of insect egg size and shape from the entomological literature and combined them with published genetic and novel life-history datasets. This enabled us to perform phylogenetic tests of long-standing predictions in size evolution across hexapods. Here we show that across eight orders of magnitude in egg volume variation, the relationship between egg shape and size itself evolves, such that predicted universal patterns of scaling do not adequately explain egg shape diversity. We test the hypothesized relationship between size and development, and show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate across insects, and that for many insects egg size is not correlated with adult body size either. Finally, we show that the evolution of parasitism and aquatic oviposition both help to explain the diversification of egg size and shape across the insect evolutionary tree. Our study challenges assumptions about the evolutionary constraints on egg morphology, suggesting that where eggs are laid, rather than universal mathematical allometric constants, underlies egg size and shape evolution.

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The effect of egg size on hatch time and metabolic rate: theoretical and empirical insights on developing insect embryos

Cited by 17 publications

References 53 publications

A global synthesis of offspring size variation, its eco‐evolutionary causes and consequences

A global synthesis of offspring size variation, its eco‐evolutionary causes and consequences

Habitat deterioration promotes the evolution of direct development in metamorphosing species

Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology, not developmental rate

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