Abstract:This study was aimed to: (1) investigate the effects of physiological functions of sprint interval training (SIT) on the aerobic capacity of elite badminton players; and (2) explore the potential mechanisms of oxygen uptake, transport and recovery within the process. Thirty-two elite badminton players volunteered to participate and were randomly divided into experimental (Male-SIT and Female-SIT group) and control groups (Male-CON and Female-CON) within each gender. During a total of eight weeks, SIT group per… Show more
“…Finally, in the growing HIIT literature, most studies examining the effects of HIIT on health and performance involved high-intensity interval exercise performed once a day for various durations [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ]. This has led Andrade-Souza and colleagues to wonder whether the effects of “twice a day” and “once a day” HIIT on mitochondrial biogenesis were identical.…”
Section: Effects Of Hiit On Exercise Capacity and Health Based On Selected Studiesmentioning
Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.
“…Finally, in the growing HIIT literature, most studies examining the effects of HIIT on health and performance involved high-intensity interval exercise performed once a day for various durations [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ]. This has led Andrade-Souza and colleagues to wonder whether the effects of “twice a day” and “once a day” HIIT on mitochondrial biogenesis were identical.…”
Section: Effects Of Hiit On Exercise Capacity and Health Based On Selected Studiesmentioning
Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.
“…Mean compliance to the HIIT protocol was 96 ± 9% for the entire 8 wk. Completion of at least 13 sessions was considered compliant Lepretre 2009 [ 85 ] HIIT Cycle ergo 9 wk 2 × /wk Intervals: 6 × 1 min Intensity: 2nd ventilatory threshold Recovery: 4 min at 1st ventilatory threshold 30 min Details not reported Lui 2021 [ 86 ] SIT Cycle ergo 8 wk 3 × /wk Intervals: 5 × 30 s sprints Intensity: all-out Recovery: 5 min Not stated HR was monitored during training to obtain HR max , time spent in %HR max zones and training impulse. Mean and peak HR, total and effective training times were similar for men and women Control Running 8 wk Not stated Continuous ‘Fartlek’ running at 65–79% HR max 40 min Marterer 2020 [ 67 ] HIIT Cycle ergo 6 wk Week 1–3: 3 × /wk Week 4–6: 4 × /wk Intervals: 4 × 4 min Intensity: 85–95% HR max Recovery: 2 min at 65–75% HR max Not stated Session one was supervised to reinforce the protocol.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Power and O 2 -based outcomes that were not meta-analyzed included peak power output during training sessions ( n = 2) [ 80 , 91 ], threshold O 2 ( n = 4) [ 67 , 72 , 85 , 86 ], Wingate outcomes ( n = 2) [ 66 , 76 , 97 ], and relative and absolute power output (peak and at lactate threshold) from an arm cycle protocol ( n = 1) [ 67 ]. Additional performance measures included time trials for running ( n = 1) [ 98 ] and cycling ( n = 3) [ 73 , 80 , 91 ], maximal speed ( n = 2) [ 70 , 95 ], 40-m sprint ability ( n = 1) [ 98 ], repeated sprint ability ( n = 2) [ 86 , 98 ], fatigue ( n = 4) [ 73 , 76 , 80 , 93 ], and speed decrement ( n = 1) [ 95 ]. Fig.…”
Background
It is important to consider biological sex as a variable that might influence exercise adaptation in order to optimize exercise prescription for men and women.
Objective
The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of biological sex on maximal oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$
V
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O2max) and performance outcomes after high-intensity interval training (HIIT).
Methods
A systematic search and review was conducted by two independent reviewers up to 8 September 2022 using MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Sports Medicine & Education Index in ProQuest. Trials including healthy adults were included if they presented data for or compared male and female $$\dot{V}$$
V
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O2max or performance outcomes in response to HIIT. Performance outcomes included measures of exercise performance and concurrently measured physiological adaptations. Where appropriate, a random-effects, pre-post meta-analysis was undertaken. Data were sub-grouped for men and women, baseline training level, mean age, intervention type, and intervention length. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi2, Cochran’s Q, and Higgins I2 and sensitivity analyses, where required. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots.
Results
Thirty-three references from 28 trials were included in the review (n = 965; 462 women and 503 men). Meta-analyses included 19 studies for $$\dot{V}$$
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O2max, eight for peak power output from $$\dot{V}$$
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O2max testing (PPO), and five for threshold power (powerAT). Meta-analyses revealed similar increases in $$\dot{V}$$
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O2max in women (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.44–0.69) and men (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.42–0.72), and powerAT in women (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13–0.64) and men (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.11–0.64). Raw mean differences for change in $$\dot{V}$$
V
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O2max were Δ 0.32 L·min−1 and 3.50 mL·kg−1·min−1 in men, versus Δ 0.20 L·min−1 and 3.34 mL·kg−1·min−1 for women. No significant sex differences were present for the primary analysis of any outcome. After sub-grouping, significant differences were present for PPO where the effect size was higher for well-trained women (g = 0.37) compared with well-trained men (g = 0.17), and for $$\dot{V}$$
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O2max where interventions with a duration of 4 weeks or less had significantly smaller effect sizes compared with those longer than 4 weeks (p < 0.001). Unweighted mean percentage change in $$\dot{V}$$
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O2max, PPO, and powerAT across studies was 11.16 ± 7.39%, 11.16 ± 5.99%, and 8.07 ± 6.55% for women, and 10.90 ± 5.75%, 8.22 ± 5.09%, and 7.09 ± 7.17% for men, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was present for both $$\dot{V}$$
V
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O2max and PPO (I2, range: 62.06–78.80%). Sub-grouping by baseline training status and intervention length decreased heterogeneity in most groups. A qualitative synthesis of other outcomes indicated similar improvements in fitness and performance for men and women with some evidence suggesting differences in the mechanisms of adaptation.
Limitations and Risk of Bias
Publication bias is unlikely to have significantly influenced results for $$\dot{V}$$
V
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O2max or powerAT, but the meta-analysis of PPO could have benefitted from additional study data to strengthen results. The overlap in age categories and sensitivity of the analysis limits the accuracy of the results of the sub-grouping by age.
Conclusions
Findings indicated no sex-specific differences for any fitness or performance outcomes. Baseline training status and intervention length accounted for most variability in outcomes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021272615.
“…Regular physical exercise has been widely used as a non-pharmaceutical strategy to prevent the occurrence of obesity. Sprint interval training (SIT) is a mode of high-intensity interval training and has been proven to be a time-efficient way of improving cardiorespiratory fitness [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], aerobic performance [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], and metabolic function [ 11 , 12 ]. Obesity is a typical metabolic syndrome and is closely associated with chronic inflammation [ 13 ].…”
Lipids play an important role in coordinating and regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. Sprint interval training (SIT) is widely used to improve sports performance and health outcomes, but the current understanding of SIT-induced lipid metabolism and the corresponding systemic inflammatory status modification remains controversial and limited, especially in male adolescents. To answer these questions, twelve untrained male adolescents were recruited and underwent 6 weeks of SIT. The pre- and post-training testing included analyses of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), biometric data (weight and body composition), serum biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, testosterone, and cortisol), inflammatory markers, and targeted lipidomics. After the 6-week SIT, the serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, the targeted lipidomics revealed changes in 296 lipids, of which 33 changed significantly (p < 0.05, fold change > 1.2 or <1/1.2). The correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the inflammatory markers were closely correlated with the changes in some of the lipids, such as LPC, HexCer, and FFA. In conclusion, the 6-week SIT induced significant changes in the inflammatory markers and circulating lipid composition, offering health benefits to the population.
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