“… 6. A large literature has examined political business and budget cycles: incumbents increase spending when elections are upcoming (see, e.g., Aaskoven & Dreyer Lassen, 2017 for a review), even in authoritarian regimes (see, e.g., Blaydes, 2011; Magaloni, 2006). Other studies have examined other factors that vary systematically with election proximity, such as the propensity of elected judges of behaving punitively (Huber & Gordon, 2004), the political involvement of bureaucrats (Figueroa, 2016), mafia attacks to politicians (Daniele & Dipoppa, 2017), citizen demands and the responsiveness of politicians to these demands (Dipoppa & Grossman, 2020), and political violence (Harish & Little, 2017). …”