“…Prior studies have varied the particle shape, , type, charge, size, and concentration , and all can play a role in transport and deposition. For example, the particle shape can be used to affect particle transport and deposition by altering how particles arrange themselves on the air–water interface during evaporation; , particle transport can be affected by surface and particle charges that lead to Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek effects that combine van der Waals’ and electrostatic forces between particles and surfaces; , and particles that are more dense than the liquid they are suspended in are likely to sink to the substrate before being carried to the contact line by advection. ,, The present study focuses on particle concentration and size. Increased particle concentration has been shown to increase contact line pinning, which can delay or prevent the transition from the CCD evaporative mode to the CCA mode. ,,, Many studies have also shown that smaller particles (<1 μm) are more likely to increase the pinning force at the contact line. ,, This also delays the transition from the CCD to CCA modes.…”