The effect of enteric galactose on neonatal canine carbohydrate metabolism

Kliegman, Robert M.; Miettinen, E L; Kalhan, Satish C.; Adam, Peter A. J.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90056-1

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It has been well demonstrated that the fetal and neonatal liver can convert galactose to glycogen leading to net glycogen synthesis faster than they convert glucose to glycogen (19,20). The newborn liver converts galactose to glucose-1-phosphate faster in the suckling period than the adult period (21)(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactose, Glucose, and Lactate Concentrations in the Portal Venous and Arterial Circulations of Newborn Lambs after Nursing

Kaempf

Groothuis

et al. 1988

Pediatr Res

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Lactose is a carbohydrate with several unique and intriguing characteristics. It is the sole dietary carbohydrate of nearly all newborn mammals, and except in humans, is consumed exclusively in the neonatal period. Galactose, one of its component monosaccharides, is not an important substrate in the fetus (1) but can represent up to 20% of the caloric intake of the neonate (2). Despite the importance of lactose and galactose in the newborn diet, their neonatal metabolism is incompletely understood.Recently, we have described the postprandial change in galactose and glucose concentrations in the peripheral blood of newborn infants seen after a single milk feeding (3). There was a striking difference in the metabolism of the two carbohydrates. To investigate this phenomenon in more depth, our study was camed out in newborn lambs with chronic indwelling catheters placed in the portal venous and arterial circulations. Thus, lactose metabolism could be studied in an unstressed, newborn mammal immediately after a milk feeding. METHODSAll lambs were of mixed Western breed, delivered spontaneously at term, and were in good health. They nursed solely from their mothers. Within the first 10 days of life the lambs were given general anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and local lidocaine. One polyvinyl catheter (0.054 in OD, 0.034 in ID) was placed in the portal vein via an umbilical vein cutdown. A second catheter was placed in the femoral artery. The catheters were tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized, and kept in a small side pouch for access. Penicillin (300,000 U) and streptomycin (0.5 g) were given intramuscularly on the day of surgery only. Care was taken to wash the surgical area free of betadine after surgery to facilitate acceptance by the lamb's mother. All lambs were allowed to recover with their mothers for a minimum of 48 h. No lamb lost weight and all were observed to be vigorous, nursing normally, and gaining weight at the time of the first study. Catheters were flushed every other day with heparin 100 U/ml. Catheter tip placement was confirmed at autopsy.On the day of study the lambs were separated from their mothers and fasted for 5 h to ensure that the stomach and small intestine were empty of milk. At time 0 the lambs were weighed and baseline blood samples were drawn from the portal vein and femoral artery. The lambs were then allowed to nurse ad libitum from their mothers for 20 min and were weighed again to determine milk intake. There were no urine or stool losses during this 20-min period. At times 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 190, and 220 min after beginning nursing, samples were drawn from the portal vein and femoral artery catheters while the lambs rested quietly. Twenty-five studies were done on 1 1 lambs. Chemical analyses. Concentrations of D-galactose, D-glucose,and L-lactate were measured on each whole blood sample. DGalactose was determined by the galactose oxidase method described by Hjelm and deverdier (4). D-Glucose and L-lactate concentrations were determined using analyz...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactose, Glucose, and Lactate Concentrations in the Portal Venous and Arterial Circulations of Newborn Lambs after Nursing

Kaempf

Groothuis

et al. 1988

Pediatr Res

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“…As glucose and galactose are the two monosaccharides relevant to ieonatal metabolism, potential differences in hepatic or cerebral Abbreviations metabolic regulation were also investigated after the enteric feed-ATP, adenosine triphosphate ing of either of these two carbohydrates to newborn pups. The Citr, citrate effects on glucose turnover, hormone levels, and glycogen metab-FDP, fructose-l,6-diphosphate olism are the subject of another report (22,23). F6P, fructose-6-phosphate G6P, glucose-6-phosphate MATERIALS AND METHODS P-creatine, phosphocreatine PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate Materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Catheters were during neonatal fasting among mammals (9,12,13,37). In addithen placed into the umbilical artery and vein, and the pups were tion, very young rats may demonstrate enhanced tissue proteolysis returned to the incubator (23). and survive complete nutritional deprivation for a much shorter Experimental design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and survive complete nutritional deprivation for a much shorter Experimental design. The design has been described in detail in a previous report (22). Briefly, glucose turnover was measured in all pups with a constant infusion of tracer quantities of [ 6 -3~] -glucose (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The design has been described in detail in a previous report (22). Briefly, glucose turnover was measured in all pups with a constant infusion of tracer quantities of [ 6 -3~] -glucose (22). The pups were divided into three major groups after birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatic and Cerebral Energy Metabolism after Neonatal Canine Alimentation

1983

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Summaryduration than older rats (13,14). In other investigations amongIntrahepatic and intracerebral metabolic responses to neonatal fasting or enteric carbohydrate alimentation were investigated among newborn dogs. Pups were either fasted or given an intravenous glucose infusion (alimented) before an enteric feeding of physiologic quantities of either glucose or galactose. These pups were also compared to another group which was completely starved throughout the study period. Gastrointestinal carbohydrate feeding resulted in enhanced hepatic glycogen content among pups after a prior state of fasting. Though there were no differences of glycogen content between glucose or galactose feeding in this previously fasted group, combined intravenous glucose and enteric galactose administration produced the greatest effect on hepatic glycogen synthesis. Intrahepatic fructose 1, 6-diphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate levels were increased among previously fasted pups fed enteric monosaccharides compared to completely starved control pups, whereas intrahepatic phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate levels were elevated after combined intravenous and enteric carbohydrate administration. Of greater interest was the observation that hepatic levels of ATP were significantly elevated among all groups given exogenous carbohydrates compared to the completely starved control group. In contrast to the augmented hepatic glycogen and ATP levels, there were no alterations of cerebral glycogen or ATP after alirnentation. Nevertheless, cerebral pyruvate and/or phosphoenolpyruvate concentrations were elevated after enteric or combined intravenous and enteric alimentation compared to the totally starved control pups. newborn piglets, starvation was associated with a decreased b a d metabolism rate as evident by diminished rates of oxygen consumption (9).Past experience among human newborn infants has demonstrated that early alimentation prevents fasting hypoglycemia and improves neonatal survival (1, 6, 43). Additionally, alimentation of newborn rats results in stable blood glucose concentrations and glucose production rates and also augments circulating alternate fuels levels (1 1, 12).Rapid alterations of intrahepatic metabolic intermediates, cofactors, and regulatory enzymes are essential controlling events that permit the liver's transition from a glucose-producing organ during starvation to an organ capable of net carbohydrate uptake during alimentation (15,33,34,38). This change is essential for the control of blood glucose levels, and for the replenishment of hepatic glycogen stores. During carbohydrate alimentation pyruvate becomes the predominant source of acetyl-CoA for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and may result in enhanced ATP production. The transition from fasting hepatic intermediary metabolism to that of an alimented state has been well documented among adult mammals. As there are little in vivo data describing the regulation of intrahepatic metabolism among fasted neonates, or the response of the neonatal liver to subsequent al...

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Nutritional Support of the Neonate I: Alternate Fuels and Routes of Administration

Balint¹,

Kliegman²

1998

Principles of Perinatal—Neonatal Metabolism

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The effect of enteric galactose on neonatal canine carbohydrate metabolism

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Galactose, Glucose, and Lactate Concentrations in the Portal Venous and Arterial Circulations of Newborn Lambs after Nursing

Galactose, Glucose, and Lactate Concentrations in the Portal Venous and Arterial Circulations of Newborn Lambs after Nursing

Hepatic and Cerebral Energy Metabolism after Neonatal Canine Alimentation

Nutritional Support of the Neonate I: Alternate Fuels and Routes of Administration

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