The effect of estrogen on craniofacial dimensions: a systematic review

Abstract

Sex hormones have an effect on bone metabolism. However, it remains unclear how estrogen hormone affects mandible and maxilla growth and development. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate if estrogen is associated with developmental alterations in the maxilla/mandible phenotype. Material and methods: A computer search of the literature was performed using: Pubmed Medline (1966 -August 2018), Google Scholar and manual searching. A combination of the terms 'estrogens', 'mandible', 'dental arch', 'maxilla', 'craniofacial', 'growth' and 'development' was used. Studies that used animal models to evaluate the role of estrogen during growth and development on the dimensions of the maxilla and/or mandible were included. Results: 5 studies were selected to compose this systematic review. One study used zebrafish as a model. Two studies used female mice and 2 studies used female rats as a model. Two studies treated the animals with estrogen. Four studies demonstrated that estrogen has an effect on mandible dimension and 2 studies demonstrated that estrogen has an effect on maxilla. One study did find an association between estrogen deficiency and mandible/maxilla dimensions Conclusion: The current evidence suggested that both, increased and decreased levels of estrogen, have an effect on the maxilla and mandible dimensions. Citation: Omori M, et al. (2019) The effect of estrogen on craniofacial dimensions: a systematic review.

Genetic Polymorphisms of Estrogen Receptors α and β are Associated with Craniofacial Measurements in Patients With Dentofacial Deformity

“…5 The ESR1 and ESR2 genes are a candidate to investigate in the scope of craniofacial dimensions as estrogen is involved in skeletal homeostasis regulating bone metabolism, modeling, and remodeling development. 8 ERα and β are usually found in the cytoplasm, and are referred to as intracellular receptors but, as it binds the hormone, the hormone receptor complex acts in the cell nucleus, regulating the transcription of specific target genes, binding to regulatory DNA sequences. 20 Both ERs are present in osteoblasts and osteoclasts cells.…”

“…The genetic polymorphisms for ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799) and ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938) were blindly genotyped using a real-time polymerase chain reaction with a TaqMan technology (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed in a real-time polymerase chain reaction system (StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems) using StepOne software version 2.3. The genetic polymorphisms were selected based on previous association with craniofacial measurements 8 and minimum allelic frequency (Supplemental Table 1, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/E597).…”

“…Moreover, polymorphisms of the ESR1 and ESR2 genes were previously associated with cephalometric measurements in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment 8. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of the genetic polymorphisms of these genes in the craniofacial measurements of patients with the most striking DFD phenotype remains uncertain.…”

“…4 It is known that some genes are associated with craniofacial measurements. [5][6][7][8] In fact, genetic polymorphisms have been associated with mandibular size, 7 and recently, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor (TGF-1) genes were associated with mandibular base length, mandibular length, anterior facial height and ANS-Me distance (linear distance between the anterior nasal spine to menton). 6 Genetic polymorphisms represent variations in the original sequence of nucleotides in the sequence of genomic DNA, which occur naturally and are related to biodiversity, genetic variation, adaptation, and evolution.…”

“…Moreover, polymorphisms of the ESR1 and ESR2 genes were previously associated with cephalometric measurements in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. 8 However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of the genetic polymorphisms of these genes in the craniofacial measurements of patients with the most striking DFD phenotype remains uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between craniofacial measurements of patients with DFD and polymorphisms rs2234693, rs9340799 in ESR1 and rs1256049 and rs4986938 in ERS2 genes.…”