The Effect of Exogenous Zinc Concentration on the Responsiveness of MC3T3-E1 Pre-Osteoblasts to Surface Microtopography: Part II (Differentiation)

Abstract

Osseointegration of bone implants is a vital part of the recovery process. Numerous studies have shown that micropatterned geometries can promote cell-substrate associations and strengthen the bond between tissue and the implanted material. As demonstrated previously, exogenous zinc levels can influence the responsiveness of pre-osteoblasts to micropatterns and modify their migratory behavior. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of exogenous zinc on differentiation of osteoblasts cultured on micropatterned vs. planar substrates. Levels of activated metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), as well as early stage differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase, were altered with the addition of zinc. These results suggest that exogenous zinc concentration and micropatterning may interdependently modulate osteoblast differentiation.

Bio-Nanocomposite Hydrogel Based on Zinc Alginate/Graphene Oxide: Morphology, Structural Conformation, Thermal Behavior/Degradation, and Dielectric Properties

“…Uncontrolled release of Zn 2+ can affect zinc homeostasis, alter the concentrations of other trace metals, and produce protein dysfunction [37]. The optimal zinc content depends on multiple factors, such as physicochemical properties of materials, cell lines, and release kinetics [33,37,38]. Altogether, the ideal solution to ensure the safety of Zn-incorporated biomaterials is to keep the amount of zinc to a minimum while maximizing its biological response.…”

The effect of chelation of sodium alginate with osteogenic ions, calcium, zinc, and strontium

“…The most common method of chelating alginate to form a hydrogel is by introducing divalent calcium (Ca 2+ ) cations with the anionic polysaccharide; however, strontium (Sr 2+ ) and zinc (Zn 2+ ) have also been reported. 6–8 Strontium and zinc are of remarkable interest in bone regeneration since Sr plays a role in regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts cross-talk through different signalling pathways, while zinc ions induce proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts 9,10 and suppress osteoclast activity. 11 Zinc is also an essential constituent of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme involved in bone mineralisation 12 and its deficiency is also correlated with bone growth disruption and development of osteoporosis.…”

Zinc Sulfate Stimulates Osteogenic Phenotypes in Periosteum-Derived Cells and Co-Cultures of Periosteum-Derived Cells and THP-1 Cells

“…Although zinc is an important trace element required for bone formation, and zinc sulfate shows its effects on the skeleton through various mechanisms involving both activation of osteoblastic bone formation and inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption, evidence regarding the effects of zinc sulfate on osteoclastic differentiation is limited [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Therefore, we investigated the effects of zinc sulfate on osteoclastic differentiation in vitro using THP-1 cells.…”

“…As a cofactor of enzymes that support DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, zinc has a positive effect on bone formation and mineralization [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 28 ]. Although zinc is required for normal bone homeostasis, the mechanisms by which it influences bone formation and bone resorption are not fully clarified, especially with regard to its effects on osteoclast activity.…”

“…Zinc stimulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization and inhibits osteoclast formation in vitro [ 12 , 13 ]. The presence of zinc in tissue culture media or substratum increases the expression of osteoblast-related genes; however, to our knowledge, its effects on osteoclast differentiation are not well characterized [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Moreover, the effects of zinc on osteogenesis in direct co-cultures of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that mimic the in vivo bone environment have not been well studied.…”