The Effect of Experimental Malnutrition on the Development of Long Bones

Adams, Penny

doi:10.1159/000385153

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The effects of malnutrition on the bones of experimental animals have been well documented [1,13,36,37]. In human malnutrition, marked deficiencies in compact and trabecular bone have been reported [2,19] as well as the cortical bone deficiency attributed to excessive endosteal resorption [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dedicated to Dr. Guido Fanconi on the occasion of his 80th birthday Catch-up Growth in Malnutrition, Studied in Celiac Disease After Institution of Gluten-free Diet

Barr¹,

Shmerling²,

Prader³

1972

Pediatr Res

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ExtractCeliac disease provides a model for investigation of one form of infantile malnutrition occurring under fully controlled circumstances. Thirteen patients aged 9-15 months were followed for a period of at least 3 years while they were on a strict gluten-free diet.Observed values for height, weight, bone age, metacarpal diameter, and cortical thickness are compared with the normal range based on local standards, and the results are expressed as standard scores. The mean curves of these data are presented in Figures 1 and 2. At the time of diagnosis and the beginning of diet (zero time), all variables were retarded, and standard scores were significantly below normal in height (P < 0.01), weight (P < 0.001), bone age (P < 0.01), metacarpal cortex (P < 0.05), and diameter (P < 0.001). Weight was significantly more depressed than height (P < 0.01), bone age (P < 0.001), metacarpal cortex (P < 0.001), and diameter (P < 0.001). Height was significantly more depressed than bone age (P < 0.05). As the patients recovered, weight caught up faster than the other measurements; weight was not significantly below normal after the patients had been on a gluten-free diet for 6 months and it reached normal values between 6 months and 1 year after initiation of diet. Height and bone age did not reach normal levels until after 2 years of treatment, although the values were no longer significantly depressed after 1 year on the diet. Cortical thickness was no longer significantly depressed after 6 months on the diet; it reached normal values by 6 months to 1 year after initiation of diet, and then showed an overshooting type of catch-up with values remaining significantly elevated at 2 years (P < 0.05) and 3 years (P < 0.05) after the onset of diet. Metacarpal diameter showed a slow steady catch-up growth which remained below normal throughout the follow-up period although the values were no longer significantly below normal 3 years after patients had begun diet.The study provides evidence that children aged 1 year (±3 months) who suffer from malnutrition caused by celiac disease catch up completely in weight, height, bone age, and metacarpal cortical thickness during a dietary treatment period of 3 years. SpeculationPoor physical growth resulting from this type and this degree of malnutrition in the second half of the 1st year of life is completely remediable. Permanent somatic sequelae from a similar severity of late infantile malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, therefore, might not be inevitable, provided that the therapeutic program is optimal and adverse factors do not continue to operate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dedicated to Dr. Guido Fanconi on the occasion of his 80th birthday Catch-up Growth in Malnutrition, Studied in Celiac Disease After Institution of Gluten-free Diet

Barr¹,

Shmerling²,

Prader³

1972

Pediatr Res

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“…One brief mention should be made about malnutrition, as clinical and paleopathological studies have chronicled how a lack of proper nutrient during infancy can affect tooth and long bone development, as bones need certain levels of nutrients to grow effectively (Adams, ; Alvarez et al ., ; Martorell and Ho, 1984; Brown, ; Powell, ). As skeleton M53 lacks any prominent physiological stress markers, including porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia and linear enamel hypoplasia, it suggests that this individual did not suffer from long‐term malnutrition or other generalised stress during infancy and/or early childhood.…”

Section: Differential Diagnosis Of M53mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: A Possible Case of Hypopituitarism in Neolithic China

Hernández

2011

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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A human skeleton with a possible case of hypopituitarism is reported. The individual (burial M53) is from the site of Guanjia, a Neolithic settlement in northern China, dated to the Late Yangshao period (6000-5500BP).On the basis of the fully erupted third permanent molars and moderate occlusal dental wear resulting in substantial exposure of dentine, the initially estimated age-at-death was placed between 26 and 33 years. However, dimensions of the postcranial skeleton fall significantly below and outside the range from contemporaneous adult populations, and along with delayed epiphyseal fusion present throughout the skeleton, the postcranial age is concordant to that of an 11-to 13-year-old child. Most long bone epiphyses display incomplete fusion or are entirely unfused, but a lack of microporosity in the metaphyseal areas near growth plates indicates a cessation of longitudinal bone growth. Because no signs of porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, periosteal lesions or linear enamel hypoplasia are observed, the restricted growth of this individual is likely caused by a growth hormone disorder and is unrelated to nutritional deficiencies or systemic infection.

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“…The Denver Growth Study individuals attained a greater proportion of their total and cortical area during early skeletal ontogeny, whereas the two bioarchaeological samples initially grew more slowly and then accelerated as they neared adulthood. This pattern may be related to differences in nutrition prior to maturity, as it is well known that nutritional intake impacts the rate of longitudinal and cortical growth before skeletal growth is completed (Adams, 1969;Garn et al, 1969). In addition, juvenile skeletal development prior to the adolescent growth spurt may be less genetically canalised and more susceptible to environmental disruptions, which may explain the differences between these three samples before the age of 12 ( Johnston et al, 1976;Stinson, 2000).…”

Section: Nutritional Influences On Bone Growthmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Malnourished monkeys exhibit slower growth in midshaft femoral diameter than well-fed controls (Fleagle et al, 1975), and several studies have shown reduced long bone periosteal deposition in protein-deficient experimental animals (Jha & Ramalingaseami, 1968;Shrader & Zeman, 1973). Experimental studies inducing severe starvation in pigs have found that in addition to stunting long bone length, starvation results in a reduction of cortical bone and numerous Harris lines (Dickerson & McCance, 1961;Pratt & McCance, 1964;Adams, 1969).…”

Section: Nutritional Influences On Bone Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the development of postcranial robusticity: an example from Çatalhöyük, Turkey

Cowgill

Hager

2007

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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While the study of variation in adult postcranial robusticity has a long history, few analyses have examined the acquisition of postcranial robusticity within an ontogenetic context. This research evaluates differences in the ontogenetic trajectories of immature femora from three samples, in order to assess the point at which differences in levels of adult postcranial robusticity arise during development. Femoral midshaft cross-sectional properties were compared between three diverse samples: Neolithic agriculturalists from Ç atalhö yü k, Turkey (n ¼ 42); Byzantine agriculturalists from Ç atalhö yü k, Turkey (n ¼ 24); and urban Americans from the Denver Growth Study (n ¼ 151). While the two adult samples from Ç atalhö yü k do not differ statistically, both Neolithic and Byzantine adults have relatively larger cortical and total areas than the American urban adults, and these differences are clearly established by the age of six. In addition, by the age of three, individuals from the Denver Growth Study have already attained a greater percentage of their adult length, total area, and cortical area relative to those in both the Neolithic and Byzantine samples. These results indicate that the differing levels of postcranial robusticity characterising adult populations appear relatively early during development, and that populations vary in the rate and pattern through which adult levels of postcranial robusticity are achieved.

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The Effect of Experimental Malnutrition on the Development of Long Bones

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Dedicated to Dr. Guido Fanconi on the occasion of his 80th birthday Catch-up Growth in Malnutrition, Studied in Celiac Disease After Institution of Gluten-free Diet

Dedicated to Dr. Guido Fanconi on the occasion of his 80th birthday Catch-up Growth in Malnutrition, Studied in Celiac Disease After Institution of Gluten-free Diet

Retracted: A Possible Case of Hypopituitarism in Neolithic China

Variation in the development of postcranial robusticity: an example from Çatalhöyük, Turkey

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