The Effect of Extreme Temperatures on California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and Its Natural Enemies.

Abdelrahman, I

doi:10.1071/zo9740203

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The genus Aphytis includes solitary and facultatively gregarious ectoparasitoids of armored scale insects (Rosen and DeBach, 1979;Rosen, 1994). As in the Aphelinus species discussed above, female-biased sex ratios are typical in A. melinus when sufficient numbers of large hosts are available (Abdelrahman, 1974a;Luck et al, 1982;Luck and Podoler, 1985;Reeve, 1987) and when temperatures are below 30°C throughout development (Kfir and Luck, 1979;Abdelrahman, 1974b). Our finding of a female-biased sex ratio in A. melinus is consistent with favorable mass-rearing conditions for this species.…”

Section: Parasitoidssupporting

confidence: 85%

Sex Ratios of Commercially Reared Biological Control Agents

2000

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Section: Parasitoidssupporting

confidence: 85%

Sex Ratios of Commercially Reared Biological Control Agents

2000

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“…Similar results were found in California citrus orchards by Hoffmann and Kennett (1985). As it was assessed by Abdelrahman (1974 a ), when cool temperatures prevail, the thelytoky of A. chrysomphali might give an advantage over the arrhenotokous A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The displacement of Aphytis species by A. melinus has been related to climate adaptability and to other biological differences between species Luck 1979, Huffaker 1990). The effects of temperatures on the different natural enemies of CRS have been widely studied (Abdelrahman 1974a, b, Atkinson 1983, Kfir and Podoler 1983, Kfir and Luck 1984, Hoffmann and Kennett 1985. DeBach and Rosen (1991) experimentally demonstrated that some Aphytis parasitoids can be precluded from exerting adequate control by adverse climatic factors.…”

Section: Parasitoid Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitoid competitive displacement and coexistence in citrus agroecosystems: linking species distribution with climate

Sorribas¹,

Rodríguez²,

Garcia‐Marí³

2010

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. The introduced parasitoid wasp Aphytis melinus, the most widespread natural enemy of the California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii ) and the superior competitor, has displaced the native Aphytis chrysomphali from most citrus areas of the Mediterranean basin and other citrus areas all over the world. However, our extensive survey data on the scale parasitoid populations collected in [2004][2005][2006][2007][2008] show that in large citrus areas of eastern Spain both parasitoids coexist. Using field data from 179 orchards spatially divided in five citrusproducing agroecosystems, we examined the mechanisms that could explain displacement or coexistence between both Aphytis species in relation to weather conditions. The distribution and abundance of the parasitoid species are related to the mean summer and winter temperatures and relative humidity of each ecosystem. The relative proportion of A. melinus is higher during the warm months, and the abundance of A. chrysomphali increases from south to north, being higher in the cooler northern areas. Aphytis melinus has displaced A. chrysomphali from hot and dry areas, whereas regions with mild summer temperatures and moderate relative humidity present the optimal conditions for the coexistence of the two parasitoids. The more negative effects of winter temperatures on A. melinus allow the earlier use of the available host resource in late winter and spring by A. chrysomphali and the coexistence of both parasitoids in the same orchard via temporal niche partitioning. We combine previous literature on the behavior of Aphytis species in the laboratory under different temperature and humidity conditions with our field results to confirm the role of spatiotemporal weather conditions and seasonal changes in host stages on the variation of Aphytis relative abundance and parasitoid coexistence.

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“…In general, individual scale sizes at the time that adult A. melinus are searching largely determines 1) if the scale will be attacked (parasitization rate increases with size), and if so, 2) how many eggs will be deposited, (multiple parasitism is rare in scales <0.55 mma), and 3) which gender will be allocated (scale <0.39 mm 2 receive mostly male eggs, while larger scales receive mostly female eggs) (Abdelrahman, 1974;Luck & Podoler), 1985;Reeve, 1987). Scale size also affects wasp size, which in turn affects A. melinus lifetime fecundity (Opp & Luck, 1986;Hare & Luck, 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental variation in physical and chemical cues used by the parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus, for host recognition

Hare

Luck

1994

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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O-caffeoyltyrosine is a host recognition kairomone for Aphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae) found in the covers of its host, California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Diaspidae). This study tests the hypothesis that the concentration of O-caffeoyltyrosine and scale cover size are reliable indicators of scale body size, an important component of host quality for A. melinus, over a range of scale rearing conditions. Both scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were only qualitatively related to scale body size during the third instar, the scale life stage most suitable for A. meIinus. Scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were reduced, relative to scale body size, when scale were reared on bark and leaves compared to fruits. Scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were also relatively reduced when scales were reared in mid-summer compared to spring and fall, and when reared on orange cultivars compared to lemon cultivars in the field. Finally, scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were reduced when scale were reared at 52% compared to 100% humidity in the laboratory. Scales appear to be chemically conspicuous to A. melinus for a short period of the time in which they are physiologically susceptible. Scales that minimize their cover size and maximize the incorporation rate of O-caffeoyltyrosine into covers may minimize their conspicuousness to A. melinus. Minimizing scale cover size, but not necessarily incorporation rates, may make scales more vulnerable to predators, however.

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The Effect of Extreme Temperatures on California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and Its Natural Enemies.

Abstract: I

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Sex Ratios of Commercially Reared Biological Control Agents

Sex Ratios of Commercially Reared Biological Control Agents

Parasitoid competitive displacement and coexistence in citrus agroecosystems: linking species distribution with climate

Environmental variation in physical and chemical cues used by the parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus, for host recognition

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