The Effect of Fat Level of the Diet on General Nutrition VI. The Interrelation of Linoleate and Linolenate in Supplying the Essential Fatty Acid Requirement in the Rat ,

Greenberg, Samuel M.; Calbert, Clarence E.; Savage, Evelyn E.; Deuel, Harry J.

doi:10.1093/jn/41.3.473

Cited by 112 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although this is below the 1% that Holman et al reported, the patient did experience reversal of both his biochemical and physical signs and symptoms of EFAD. As previously reported, ALA, EPA, and DHA might play a role in reducing the amount of LA required to prevent EFAD (32). Since that case report, Omegaven® monotherapy has been used as a treatment for PN-dependent patients with cholestasis.…”

Section: Parenteral Nutrition and Essential Fatty Acid Deficiencysupporting

confidence: 52%

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The essentiality of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

Meisel

Meijer

et al. 2009

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

140

119

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Objective The purpose of this review is to correlate the clinical finding that patients receiving parenteral nutrition with a fish oil-based lipid emulsion do not develop essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) with an experimental murine model, thus showing that arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are likely to be the essential fatty acids. Background Conventional belief is that linoleic acid (LA, omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3) are the essential fatty acids (EFAs). We have shown that a fish oil-based lipid emulsion containing AA (omega-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, omega-3) and insignificant quantities of LA and ALA is efficacious in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD), a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. The prospect of using a fish oil-based lipid emulsion as monotherapy has raised concerns of EFAD development, hindering its adoption into clinical practice. Design Data from patients in our institution who received PN with a fish oil-based lipid emulsion was reviewed for clinical and biochemical evidence of EFAD, defined as an elevated triene-tetraene ratio (Mead acid/AA >0.2). We also investigated the minimum amount of fish oil required to prevent EFAD in a murine model and determined whether DHA and AA alone can prevent EFAD. Results No patients receiving PN with a fish oil-based lipid emulsion in our institution have developed biochemical or clinical evidence of EFAD such as an elevated triene-tetraene ratio, growth retardation or dermatitis. This observation parallels our previously published animal studies, which demonstrated prevention of EFAD when thirteen percent of total calories were from fish oil. Moreover, current work in our laboratory shows that AA and DHA provision alone is sufficient to prevent biochemical and physiologic evidence of EFAD in a murine model. Conclusions When dosed appropriately, fish oil-based lipid emulsions contain sufficient EFAs to prevent EFAD. Furthermore, AA and DHA alone may be the true EFAs.

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Section: Parenteral Nutrition and Essential Fatty Acid Deficiencysupporting

confidence: 52%

“…In rodent studies, omega-3 FA deficiency has very little impact on weight gain. However, supplemental ALA given to rats on a diet deficient in PUFAs did produce significant weight gain (16, 32). Similar findings were seen in humans.…”

Section: Essentiality Of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The essentiality of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

Meisel

Meijer

et al. 2009

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

140

119

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“…Together these studies (5)(6)(7)(8) show a potential sparing effect of 18:3n-3 on the requirements for and metabolism of 18:2n-6. This sparing effect seems to occur at very low or adequate intakes of 18:2n-6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Most, but not all, of this work had diets with very low to deficient intakes either of n-6 PUFA alone or of n-3 and n-6 PUFA together. For instance, Greenberg et al (6) showed that after 11 wk on a fatfree diet, rats supplemented for an additional 11 wk with 10 mg/d of both 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 gained 93 g, whereas rats supplemented with 20 mg/d of 18:2n-6 but no 18:3n-3 gained 86 g. Hence, the presence of 18:3n-3 reduced by 50% the amount of 18:2n-6 required to regain about 90 g during the supplementation period. Other reports using comparable designs drew similar conclusions (5,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole‐body utilization of n−3 PUFA in n−6 PUFA‐deficient rats

Bazinet

Douglas

Cunnane

2003

Lipids

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We evaluated the utilization of a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in growing rats consuming a diet deficient in n-6 PUFA. After 90 d, whole-body 18:3n-3 accumulation was 55% lower, total n-3 PUFA accumulation was 21% lower, and 18:3n-3 disappearance was 14% higher in n-6 PUFA-deficient rats. Part of the reduction of whole-body 18:3n-3 in n-6 PUFA-deficient rats was due to the 25% increase in net conversion of 18:3n-3 to long-chain n-3 PUFA. Despite adequate 18:3n-3 intake, n-6 PUFA deficiency decreased the accumulation of 18:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFA.

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“…Barki et al (1950) found that changing the level of coconut oil in the diet did not result in significant changes in growth, although in general the gains on coconut oil were low. At the time when these experiments were carried out it was supposed that female rats needed 10-20 mg linoleic acid daily for normal growth (Greenberg, Calbert, Savage & Deuel, 1950). If each animal consumes 10 g of the diet with 7 yo coconut oil daily it will get I 1-18 mg linoleic acidlday.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fat in the Diet of Rats

Aaes‐Jørgensen¹,

Dam²

1954

Br J Nutr

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Fat in the diet of rats. I 285 5. The use of raw skim milk instead of water resulted in a decrease of the quantity of food eaten; the total calorie intake was only slightly increased.6. Urine production decreased and water uptake increased when hydrogenated peanut oil or no fat was given in place of lard. 7.The use of raw skim milk to drink in place of water increased urine production and fluid uptake on diets with lard as well as on diets with hydrogenated peanut oil.

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The Effect of Fat Level of the Diet on General Nutrition VI. The Interrelation of Linoleate and Linolenate in Supplying the Essential Fatty Acid Requirement in the Rat ,

Cited by 112 publications

References 7 publications

The essentiality of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

The essentiality of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

Whole‐body utilization of n−3 PUFA in n−6 PUFA‐deficient rats

The Role of Fat in the Diet of Rats

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