The Effect of Fat Level of the Diet on General Nutrition XIV. Further Studies of the Effect of Hydrogenated Coconut Oil on Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in the Rat

Deuel, Harry J.; Alfin-Slater, Roslyn B.; Wells, Arthur F.; Kryder, George D.; Aftergood, Lilla

doi:10.1093/jn/55.2.337

Cited by 56 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The significant lower body weight gain of adult EF1 and young EF2 animals is in agreement with previous studies using coconut oil as the only source of dietary lipids (Deuel et al, 1954; Soares et al, 1995; Borba et al, 2010). Regarding this effect, this type of dietary treatment has been associated with dysfunction of growth hormone regulation (Soares et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differential vulnerability of substantia nigra and corpus striatum to oxidative insult induced by reduced dietary levels of essential fatty acids

Cardoso¹,

Passos²,

Lagranha³

et al. 2012

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the etiology of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Some of these disorders have been associated with unbalanced levels of essential fatty acids (EFA). The response of certain brain regions to OS, however, is not uniform and a selective vulnerability or resilience can occur. In our previous study on rat brains, we observed that a two-generation EFA dietary restriction reduced the number and size of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) rostro-dorso-medial. To understand whether OS contributes to this effect, we assessed the status of lipid peroxidation (LP) and anti-oxidant markers in both SN and corpus striatum (CS) of rats submitted to this dietary treatment for one (F1) or two (F2) generations. Wistar rats were raised from conception on control or experimental diets containing adequate or reduced levels of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, respectively. LP was measured using the thiobarbituric acid reaction method (TBARS) and the total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities were assessed. The experimental diet significantly reduced the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of SN phospholipids in the F1 (~28%) and F2 (~50%) groups. In F1 adult animals of the experimental group there was no LP in both SN and CS. Consistently, there was a significant increase in the t-SOD activity (p < 0.01) in both regions. In EF2 young animals, degeneration in dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons and a significant increase in LP (p < 0.01) and decrease in the CAT activity (p < 0.001) were detected in the SN, while no inter-group difference was found for these parameters in the CS. Conversely, a significant increase in t-SOD activity (p < 0.05) was detected in the CS of the experimental group compared to the control. The results show that unbalanced EFA dietary levels reduce the redox balance in the SN and reveal mechanisms of resilience in the CS under this stressful condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Differential vulnerability of substantia nigra and corpus striatum to oxidative insult induced by reduced dietary levels of essential fatty acids

Cardoso¹,

Passos²,

Lagranha³

et al. 2012

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…It has been proposed that the addition of saturated fat, especially hydrogenated coconut oil, to an EFAD diet accentuates the development of EFA deficiency in comparison with a fat-free diet [13,14]. The discrepancy between the results of our study and others may be related to the relative contents of HCO in the experimental diets used.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Early development of essential fatty acid deficiency in rats: Fat-free vs. hydrogenated coconut oil diet

Ling

Leon

et al. 2010

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (PLEFA)

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This study examined the effects of feeding an essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) diet either without fat or with added hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) on fatty acid profiles in rats. Both diets induced equivalent biochemical evidence of EFAD reflected by the triene/tetraene ratio in plasma phospholipids within 2 weeks. However, the HCO diet led to larger increases of 16:1n7 and 18:1n9 in muscle but smaller increases in fat tissue and plasma triglycerides than the fat-free diet, suggesting greater increases in hepatic de novo lipogenesis with the latter. In addition, the HCO diet led to larger decreases of some 18:3n3 metabolites, particularly 22:6n3, in muscle, fat and brain tissues than the fat-free diet, presumably related to lesser stimulation of elongation and desaturation. Thus, these secondary effects of an EFAD diet on fatty acid metabolism can be modified by the saturated fat in the diet while the primary impact of both diets on development of EFAD is unaffected.

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“…EFA deficiency in rats developed by giving a fat-free diet has been reported to increase liver lipids and to decrease plasma cholesterol (Deuel, Alfin-Slater, Wells, Kryder & Aftergood, 1955), whereas the inclusion of hydrogenated coconut oil allows maintenance of normal liver and plasma cholesterol concentrations. In the present experiment, EFA deficiency was induced with diets containing 10% of hydrogenated coconut oil, so that neither liver-lipid accumulation nor changes in plasma cholesterol concentrations occurred.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sex and gonadal hormones on rat plasma lipids during the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency

Lyman¹,

Ostwald²,

Bouchard³

et al. 1966

Biochemical Journal

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1. Male, female and castrated rats treated with oestradiol (30mug./week) or testosterone (2mg./week) were given an essential fatty acid-deficient diet containing 10% of hydrogenated coconut oil for 9 weeks. The concentrations and fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides were determined. 2. Between the second and third weeks of the deficiency, concentrations of plasma cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and triglycerides decreased, then remained relatively constant. There were no significant differences between males and females, but oestradiol caused a significant rise in plasma phospholipids and triglycerides as compared with testosterone-treated animals. 3. During the first 2 weeks of the deficiency, linoleic acid in the plasma lipids of all groups decreased to low concentrations and changed very little thereafter. 4. Female rats maintained higher percentages and concentrations of arachidonic acid and stearic acid in plasma phospholipids and arachidonic acid in cholesteryl esters than did males. Males had higher proportions of eicosatrienoic acid and oleic acid. There was no sex difference in the fatty acid composition of plasma triglycerides. 5. Oestradiol-treated rats had concentrations of cholesteryl and phospholipid arachidonate comparable with those of female rats and higher than the testosterone-treated group. Eicosatrienoic acid in the oestradiol-treated rats was high and resembled that of the male rats, apparently because of the higher concentration of plasma phospho lipids in this group. 6. Supplementation of the essential fatty acid-deficient rats with linoleate restored plasma cholesteryl and phospholipid linoleate and arachidonate nearly to normal concentrations in a single day. The increase in arachidonic acid in these fractions was accompanied by a similar quantitative decrease in eicosatrienoic acid. 7. These sex differences appear to be related to the smaller size of the female rat and to a more direct influence of oestradiol on the formation or maintenance of phospholipids rich in arachidonic acid.

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The Effect of Fat Level of the Diet on General Nutrition XIV. Further Studies of the Effect of Hydrogenated Coconut Oil on Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in the Rat

Cited by 56 publications

References 5 publications

Differential vulnerability of substantia nigra and corpus striatum to oxidative insult induced by reduced dietary levels of essential fatty acids

Differential vulnerability of substantia nigra and corpus striatum to oxidative insult induced by reduced dietary levels of essential fatty acids

Early development of essential fatty acid deficiency in rats: Fat-free vs. hydrogenated coconut oil diet

Effect of sex and gonadal hormones on rat plasma lipids during the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency

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