The effect of feeding frequency and feeding rate on growth performance of juvenile Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maxima, Linneaus, 1758)

Abstract

The effects of feeding frequency on growth performance, feed efficiency and size variation of juvenile Black Sea turbot, Psetta maxima were investigated. A factorial design of two feeding rates (ad libitum, n=240, weight=23.8 ±0.70 g and total length=11.0 ±0.09 cm; and 1% of bodyweight of fish per meal, n=240, weight=38.6 ±0.45 g and total length=13.0 ±0.03 cm) and three feeding frequencies (one meal in 2 days, one meal a day, two meals a day) with two replicates of each treatment combination were applied in this experiment. Feeding frequencies did not affect fish survival rates (P>0.05). The final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in group one meal a day at both feeding rates. There were no significant differences the final body weight and SGR values among the groups (P>0.05). Similar responses were observed for condition factor, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight increase (BWI), and the best FCR and BWI were obtained in the same group. The coefficient of variations (CV) in fish weight increased between initial and final weightings in all replicate groups. However, the CV of fish weight was not significantly affected by feeding frequency (P>0.05).In conclusion, growth performance, SGR and FCR were better in once-daily feeding, and it appears that under the conditions of this experiment, feeding once a day to satiation was sufficient for maximal growth. Journal of FisheriesSciences.comAydın et al., 5(1): 35-42 (2011) Journal abbreviation: J FisheriesSciences.com 36 Özet: Yemleme Sıklığının ve Yemleme Oranının Yavru Karadeniz Kalkan Balığının (Psetta maxima, Linneaus, 1758) Büyüme Performansına EtkilesiKaradeniz kalkanı, Psetta maxima yavrularında yemleme sıklığının, büyüme, yem değerlemdirme ve boy varyasyonuna etkileri araştırılmıştır. İki yemleme oranı (Doyana kadar, n=240, ağırlık=23.8 ±0.70 g ve boy = 11.0 ±0.09 cm; balık ağırlığının %1 kadar yem n=240, ağırlık = 38.6 ±0.45 g ve boy = 13.0 ±0.03 cm) ve üç yemleme sıklığı (iki günde bir yemleme, günde bir yemleme, günde iki kez yemleme) içeren iki tekerrürlü faktöriyel deneme oluşturulmuştur. Yemleme sıklığı yaşam oranını etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Deneme sonunda her iki yemleme seviyesinde günde bir kez yemlenen balıkların ağırlığı ve oransal büyümesi fazladır. En iyi yem dönüşüm oranı (YDO) ve ağırlık artışı aynı grupta gözlenmiştir. Deneme sonunda balık ağırlığı ve oransal büyüme (OB) acısında gruplar arasında önemli fark bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Kondisyon faktörü, YDO ve ağırlık artışı yönünden de benzer durum söz konusudur. Balık ağırlıkları acısından görülen varyasyon katsayısı (VK) deneme sonunda başlangıca göre artmıştır. Bununla birlikte yemleme sıklığı VK yi önemli bir şekilde etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak günde bir kez yemlenen balıkların büyüme performansı, OB ve YDO daha iyidir. Bu şartlarda günde bir kez doyana kadar yemlemek en iyi büyüme için uygundur.

Feeding frequency for dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus juveniles with automatic feeding system

“…Relationship between feeding frequency and rate may influence dietary utilization, since excess food, caused by an inadequate feeding rate, causes leftovers that are aggravated by increased frequencies (Silva, Gomes, & Brandão, ). Many studies do not obtain significant differences between the frequencies evaluated due to not establishing a food rate, and the food is offered manually (subjectively by the handler) until satiety is reached (Aydin, Küçük, Şahin, & Kolotoğlu, ; Başçinar, Çakmak, Çavdar, & Aksungur, ; García‐Galano, Pérez, Gaxiola, & Sánchez, ; Kuçuk, Aydim, Polat, Eroldogan, & Sahin, ). This methodology has been identified as a failure because it inserts a significant portion of variability among the treatments, which may mask the results.…”

Performance of common snook subjected to different feeding frequencies and rates using automatic feeders

“…Feeding mechanization can be an alternative in this respect, since the use of automatic feeders allows of higherfeeding frequencies, without aggregating labor costs (Sousa et al, 2012). Many studies, however, did not obtain significant differences between the feeding frequencies evaluated, probably because feeding rates were not strictly established, and feed was offered by hand until apparent satiety of fish, which is a subjective parameter determined by the keeper (García-Galano et al, 2003;Başçinar et al, 2007;Aydin et al, 2011). More recently, Sousa et al (2012), using automatic feeders and a feeding rate at 7% body weight per day, proved that increased feed frequencies implicate greaterweight gain, reduction of fish variation coefficient, and reduction of feed conversion rate.…”

“…A basic premise of a species cultivation is a feeding protocol aimed at: improving productive performance and survival; reducing feed conversion ratio and heterogeneity; and contributing to minimal food waste (Aydin et al, 2011;Al Zahrani et al, 2013). However, information are still scarce as to the amount of feed that can lead to excess, causing deterioration of water quality, increasing the amount of wastewater released to the environment, and lowering environmental sustainability of the cultivation (Kasiri et al, 2011).…”

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“…age at first maturation (Froese & Pauly, 2015) as it is generally of interest in fisheries studies. Since growth is known to differ between males and females (Imsland, Folkvord, Grung, Stefansson, & Taranger, 1997), most recommendations regarding breeding programs suggest monosex female breeding lines (Aydın, Küçük, Şahin, & Kolotoğlu, 2011;Bouza et al, 2014). Novel approaches target gene based analysis to determine sex in early stages (Robledo et al, 2015).…”