The Effect of Flammulina velutipes Polysaccharide on Immunization Analyzed by Intestinal Flora and Proteomics

Abstract

Proteomics and intestinal flora were used to determine the mechanism of immune modulatory effects of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide on immunosuppressed mice. The results showed that compared with the model group, F. velutipes polysaccharide could increase thymus and spleen indices and improve thymus tissue structure in mice; IL-2 and IL-4 contents were significantly increased and IL-6 and TNF-α contents were significantly decreased; serum acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities were increased (P < 0.05); in the liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were increased (P < 0.001), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased (P < 0.001). Proteomics discovered that F. velutipes polysaccharides may exert immune modulatory effects by participating in signaling pathways such as immune diseases, transport and catabolism, phagosomes and influenza A, regulating the immune-related proteins Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) and Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 (RSAD2), etc. Gut microbial studies showed that F. velutipes polysaccharides could increase the abundance of intestinal flora and improve the flora structure. Compared to the model group, the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the relative abundance of SCFA-producers Bacteroides and Alloprevotella were increased in the F. velutipes polysaccharide administration group, while Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and f_Lachnospiraceae_Unclassified decreased in relative abundance. Thus, F. velutipes polysaccharide may play an immunomodulatory role by regulating the intestinal environment and improving the balance of flora.

Establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing System Based on Dual sgRNAs in Flammulina filiformis

“…It is widely recognized that F. filiformis is rich in amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential and beneficial to human health [ 2 ]. In addition to its nutritional value, an increasing amount of research has focused on the medicinal properties of F. filiformis , such as immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and intestinal flora activities [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. With the development of the F. filiformis industry, generating highly valuable cultivars and improving the quality have become two important issues faced in F. filiformis industrial production.…”

Structural characterization, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory of the phosphorylated polysaccharide from Pholiota nameko

“…IL-6 is one of the most common pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted mainly by activated macrophages, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells, and has multiple inflammatory functions, which can participate in vivo inflammatory response as an important inflammatory medium ( 63 ). From Figure 6E , 1 μg/mL LPS treatment for 24 h can significantly enhance the IL-6 level from 36.7 to 131.8 pg/mL compared with blank control group ( p < 0.01).…”

Effects of a Cordyceps militaris With Herba epimedii Complex on Chronic Renal Failure Induced by Adenine in vivo

“…For example, the polysaccharide of C. militaris and Flammulina velutipes have immunomodulatory effects. 32 In this study, from the pathological point of view of the kidney, C. militaris extract and its combination with H. brevicor can either delay or reverse the progress of glomerular sclerosis and reduce the degree of pathological damage to renal tissue, which was also evidenced by the positive action on the progression of CRF. C. militaris and H. brevicor are expected to be developed as dietary supplements to treat CRF.…”