The effect of food type on the portion size effect in children aged 2–12 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Reale, Sophie; Hamilton, Jean; Akparibo, Robert; Hetherington, Marion M.; Cecil, Joanne E.; Caton, Samantha J.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.025

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…Our findings show that the PSE is apparent in children consuming unit-based foods, and supports recent systematic review evidence demonstrating the PSE in both unit and amorphous (foods without a distinct shape or form) foods in children aged 2–12 years [54]. Visual cues, such as the shape of food and how it is presented on a plate, together with social norms, contribute an important role in how much an individual consumes [55,56,57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The design, including the natural childcare setting and use of familiar and commonly consumed lunch-time foods [36,38], are strengths of this study. Furthermore, incorporating a popular and typical unit-based HED main food in the meal, and controlling the unit numbers of this food strengthens the evidence of the PSE to include unit as well as amorphous type foods [54], and highlights the potential role of unit bias on pre-school aged children’s eating practices. A limitation of the present study was the lack of a dietary follow-up to monitor intakes beyond a single meal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3–5-year-old Children?

et al. 2018

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Large portions of energy dense foods promote overconsumption but offering small portions might lead to compensatory intake of other foods. Offering a variety of vegetables could help promote vegetable intake and offset the effect of reducing the portion size (PS) of a high energy dense (HED) food. Therefore, we tested the effect on intake of reducing the PS of a HED unit lunch item while varying the variety of the accompanying low energy dense (LED) vegetables. In a within-subjects design, 43 3–5-year-old pre-schoolers were served a lunch meal in their nursery on 8 occasions. Children were served a standard (100%) or downsized (60%) portion of a HED sandwich with a side of LED vegetables offered as a single (carrot, cherry tomato, cucumber) or variety (all 3 types) item. Reducing the PS of a HED sandwich reduced sandwich (g) (p < 0.001) and total meal intake (kcal) consumption (p = 0.001) without an increased intake of other foods in the meal (LED vegetables (p = 0.169); dessert (p = 0.835)). Offering a variety of vegetables, compared with a single vegetable, increased vegetable intake (g) (p = 0.003) across PS conditions. Downsizing and variety were effective strategies individually for altering pre-schoolers’ intakes of HED and LED meal items, however, using variety to offset HED downsizing was not supported in the present study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3–5-year-old Children?

et al. 2018

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“…Experiments show that young children are susceptible to consuming more when served larger portion sizes 37 . However, parents tend to be more concerned about feeding young children enough and a variety of food rather than too much 38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What guidance is there on portion size for feeding preschool‐aged children (1 to 5 years) in the United Kingdom and Ireland? A systematic grey literature review

et al. 2020

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Large portion sizes of food can lead to excessive energy intake and weight gain in young children. Although portion size guidance is available, parents are often unaware it exists. Our systematic grey literature review aimed to identify the portion size guidance resources in the United Kingdom and Ireland, aimed at users (e.g., parents and childcare providers) responsible for feeding preschool-aged children. We describe who the resources are aimed at, how they are informed and whether the recommended portion sizes are consistent across resources. Resources were identified via advanced Google searches, searching reference lists and contacting experts. Resources that provided quantifiable portion size information (e.g., grammes) were included. Portion sizes (g) were extracted and energy equivalents (kcal) were calculated. Portion sizes were analysed by food group and by eating occasion. Twenty-two resources were identified. Median portion sizes were consistent across resources for fruit (40 g [IQR = 40-50]) and vegetables (40 g [IQR = 30-40]). Variability was observed in portion size and/or energy content for dairy (60 g [IQR = 25-93]), protein (72 kcal [IQR = 44-106]) and starchy (41 g/71 kcal ) food groups. The range in size of an average eating occasion was large (90-292 g). This review identifies resources that could help caregivers to choose appropriate portion sizes for preschool-aged children but also highlights how future resources could be improved.

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“…Research also showed the influence of the presence of other children on the level of food consumption: preschool children ate more pizza in groups of nine than in groups of three individuals (Lumeng and Hillman 2007). At this age children become sensitive to portion size, meaning that they eat more when larger food portions are presented to them (Reale et al 2019).…”

Section: The Preschool Age: a Neophobic Phase Source Of Family Tensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating and Drinking in Childhood

Nicklaus

2020

Handbook of Eating and Drinking

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HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

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The effect of food type on the portion size effect in children aged 2–12 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: This is a repository copy of The effect of food type on the portion size effect in children aged 2-12 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis..

Cited by 34 publications

References 65 publications

Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3–5-year-old Children?

Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3–5-year-old Children?

What guidance is there on portion size for feeding preschool‐aged children (1 to 5 years) in the United Kingdom and Ireland? A systematic grey literature review

Eating and Drinking in Childhood

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