The effect of forage species and stage of harvest on the processes of digestion occurring in the rumen of cattle

Beever, D. E.; Dhanoa, M. S.; Losada, H.; Evans, R. T.; Cammell, S. B.; France, J.

doi:10.1079/bjn19860124

Cited by 109 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Second over-supply of NH, to the liver may be potentially toxic and the studies of Symonds et al (198 1) have clearly demonstrated the consequence of hepatic NH, leakage when NH, load to the animal's tissues was elevated experimentally. Third the incidence of bloat, as seen with legume diets, may in part be related to the rapid rates of digestion and protein solubilization of fresh forage which occur in the rumen following ingestion (Beever et al 19866). In these regards the results of the present experiment with respect to the untreated forages confirm previous experimental findings (Beever et al 1985(Beever et al , 1986aUlyatt et al 1981).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

et al. 1987

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1. Pure swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca)were harvested daily as primary growth (grass in May, clover in June) or regrowths (clover only in July) and offered, in the long form, to growing cattle at a feeding rate of 22 g dry matter/kg live weight. With each forage, two treatments were compared with the untreated forage (C): monensin (100 g active ingredient/kg, 250 mg/d) addition to the rumen (treatment M) or formaldehyde (30 g/kg crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)) application to the diet (treatment F). The objective of the experiment was to examine means of manipulating N metabolism in the rumen and the duodenal non-ammonia-N (NAN) supply derived from fresh forages. 2.The apparent digestion of ingested organic matter (g/kg) in the rumen was unaffected by treatment M (C 509, M 497) but was significantly ( P < 0.01) reduced by tieatment F (443). The extent of cellulose digestion in the rumen was not affected by any of the treatments imposed and the changes in organic matter digestion were due mainly to effects on N digestion and rumen microbial synthesis. On the untreated diets, duodenal NAN supply averaged 0.74 g/g N intake and treatment M caused a small but non-significant increase (M 0.79 g/g N intake).In contrast, the effect of treatment F was much larger (F 0.91 g/g N intake; P < 0.01). These differences were accompanied by corresponding reductions in rumen NH, concentrations (mg/l; C 350, M 310, F 220; P < 0.001).3. Of the increased flow of NAN to the small intestine observed on the white clover only diets with treatment F, 0.70 was accounted for by an increased net synthesis of microbial N, while treatment M had no effect on microbial N synthesis and a marginal reduction in feed N degradability only with the regrowth white clover diet. Treatment F reduced feed N degradability to a limited extent on both clover diets (C 0.82, M 0.81, F 0.77). No corresponding measurements were made for the ryegrass diets.4. It is concluded that the extensive loss of N from the reticulo-rumen of cattle fed on fresh forages can be reduced by the use of agents to reduce protein solubility. However, the study demonstrated that treatment F may in some circumstances increase N supply to the small intestine more through enhancing microbial N synthesis within the rumen than through increasing the passage of undegraded feed N to the small intestine. The use of monensin, to manipulate proteolytic or deaminative activity in the rumen, or both, was not found to confer any beneficial effects on duodenal-NAN supply.There have been several studies to evaluate the digestion of fresh forages and the nutrient supply arising from such diets (Beever et al. 1971(Beever et al. , 1976(Beever et al. , 1978b Ulyatt & Egan, 1979; VtritC et al. 1984). Recent experiments with growing cattle (Ulyatt et al. Beever et al. 1985 Beever et al. , 1986a have demonstrated that as the amount of nitrogen in the crop increases, considerable losses of N between mouth and duodenum (up to 0.40 of N...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

et al. 1987

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“…Total VFA concentrations were within ranges reported for fresh forage diets, although the proportion of acetate was lower and propionate higher than has been reported (Beever et al 1986a(Beever et al , 1986bvan Vuuren et al 1992;Holden et al 1994;Berghazi et al 1996;Mackle et al 1996;Carruthers et al 1997). The ratio of acetate:propionate averaged 2.1 for all diets, ccompared with ratios of 3.0 to 4.2 reported for pasture.…”

Section: N Intakementioning

confidence: 62%

Milk production and ruminal metabolites from cows offered two pasture diets supplemented with non‐structural carbohydrate

Carruthers¹,

Neil²

1997

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The effects on milk solids production, ruminal metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis of four pasture-based diets were investigated. Two pastures (high or low nitrogen content (HN, LN) each with and without nonstructural carbohydrate supplementation (+NSC, -NSC, at 10% of metabolisable energy intake) were offered to eight stall held, rumen-fistulated Friesian cows during four 14-day periods in early to mid lactation in a Latin square design. HN and LN pastures contained 2.8 and 2.1% N, respectively. Total daily dry matter intakes averaged 15.6, 14.5, 15.3, and 14.3 kg on HN+NSC, HN-NSC, LN+NSC, and LN-NSC, respectively. NSC supplementation had no effect on milk and milk fat yields but increased milk protein yield by 0.04 kg/ day on HN pasture. Yields of milk, fat, and protein were higher on HN than LN pasture but microbial protein synthesis (MPS, g N/day) was not affected by type of pasture. MPS and efficiency of MPS (g N/kg digestible organic matter intake) were increased by NSC supplementation on HN pasture but not on LN pasture. Ruminal ammonia concentration and total tract N digestibility were reduced by NSC supplementation on both pastures and were lower on LN compared with HN pasture. The results indicated that pasture type affected response to NSC supplementation and that on HN but not LN pasture NSC supplementation improved N utilisation in the rumen and increased milk protein output. A97013

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“…Using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model, predicted a 1.8-kg/d reduction in milk production due to urea synthesis for cows consuming pasture. Beever et al (1986) found that N in ryegrass pasture degraded in the rumen at a rate of 13 to 14%/h with 6.4 to 11.7% instantly degradable and 89.3 to 92.9% potentially degradable. Theoretically, a carbohydrate source with a degradation rate of 13 to 14%/h would be the best choice to optimize N capture when cows are grazing grass pasture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Carbohydrate Source on Nitrogen Capture in Dairy Cows on Pasture

Gehman

Bertrand

Jenkins

et al. 2006

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this study was to determine if feeding carbohydrate supplements with faster degradation rates than corn to dairy cows grazing ryegrass would improve nitrogen capture, milk production, and components. Treatments were grain supplements based on: 1) corn (CORN), 2) barley and molasses (BM), or 3) citrus pulp and molasses (CM). For BM and CM, the diet composition was the same as that of CORN except that a portion of the corn was replaced with barley and molasses or citrus pulp and molasses, respectively, on a dry matter basis. Cows grazed ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk fat, as well as milk fat percentage, were not different among treatments. True milk protein percentage was higher for CORN (2.81%) compared with CM (2.70%), but was not different for BM (2.77%). However, true milk protein yield was not different among treatments. Milk urea N was higher for BM (11.43 mg/dL) compared with both CORN and CM (average: 9.95 mg/dL). There were no differences among CORN, BM, and CM treatments for overall BUN (average: 10.60 mg/dL). At 0400 h, however, cows on CORN had higher BUN than cows on CM (11.43 vs. 9.96 mg/dL), but there were no differences between CORN and BM (average: 11.21 mg/dL) or BM and CM (average: 10.48 mg/dL), and there were no differences among treatments at other time points. The CM diet might have shown more advantage if the pasture crude protein content was higher. Partial replacement of corn with citrus pulp for grazing cows should be further studied using pasture with higher crude protein content. Although cows receiving CM and BM did not produce more milk than cows on CORN, if barley or citrus pulp is less expensive than corn, they may be

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The effect of forage species and stage of harvest on the processes of digestion occurring in the rumen of cattle

Cited by 109 publications

References 14 publications

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

Milk production and ruminal metabolites from cows offered two pasture diets supplemented with non‐structural carbohydrate

The Effect of Carbohydrate Source on Nitrogen Capture in Dairy Cows on Pasture

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