The effect of formaldehyde to phenol ratio on the curing and carbonisation behaviour of resole resins

ABSTRACT:A negative-type photosensitive semi-alicyclic polybenzoxazole (Nega-PSPABO) based on poly-(o-hydroxy amide) containing an adamantyl unit (PAHA) and oxybis(3,4-dihydroxymethyl)benzene (OBHB) as a cross-linker, and a photoacid generator, (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-(2-methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) has been developed. PAHA with a weight average molecular weight of 24,100 was prepared from 1,3-adamantanedicarbonyl chloride (ADC) and 4,4 0 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(o-aminophenol) (6FAP) in the presence of lithium chloride in N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 0 C for 12 h. The photosensitive polymer based on 85 wt % PAHA, 10 wt % OBHB, and 5 wt % PTMA showed a sensitivity of D 0:5 ¼ 14:4 mJ/cm 2 and a contrast of 2.4 when it was exposed to a 365 nm light (i-line) and developed with a 2.38 wt % aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution (TMAHaq) at 25 C. A fine negative image of 7 mm line-and-space pattern was also printed in the film which was exposed to 80 mJ/cm 2 of i-line by contact-printing mode. The negative image in PAHA was converted to the corresponding PABO pattern image by thermal treatment without pattern deformation. The average refractive index of Nega-PSPABO was 1.542 from which the dielectric constant estimated was 2.62 at 1 MHz.

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“…A cross-linker, MBHP, was prepared according to a reported procedure. 18 The other reagents and solvents were used as received.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative-type Chemically Amplified Photosensitive Semi-alicyclic Polybenzoxazole via Acid-catalyzed Electrophilic Substitution

Fukukawa

Shibasaki

Ueda

2005

Polym J

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“…The material on the target was dissolved in chloroform and examined by GC-MS. Three peaks were observed. Peak 1, containing 94.6% of the mixture according to integration, is the precursor 27. Peak 2 corresponded to ca 3% of the mixture and is due to trimer 32.…”

Section: Ortho-quinone Methidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Model studies have shown that the ether can react with unsubstituted phenol to generate a phenoxy bridge 94 . Reaction of the ether bridges has also been suggested as the source of the observed carbonyl and methyl functionalities observed in a cured resole 90 -93 .…”

Section: Pf Ratio Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the structure of the cured resin is to be controlled, it is important to understand the processes which result in these types of groups and their subsequent behaviour at higher temperatures. Solomon and coworkers 94 compared the curing and carbonization behaviour of two resole-type resins with a molar formaldehyde to phenol (FP) ratio of 1.2 and 1.8. They focused on the formation of carbonyl and methyl groups during curing, and the differences between the two materials during the heating.…”

Section: Pf Ratio Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymers Based on Phenols

Solomon¹,

Qiao²,

Caulfield³

2003

PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups

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“…Cured PF resins can be carbonized at a high temperature to form porous carbon with a high yield. After activation, these resins can be used as activated carbon (Lenghaus et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2005). However, cured PF resins prepared using the traditional procedure form hard blocks, and the particles obtained by breaking these blocks have irregular shapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of spherical activated phenol-formaldehyde beads from bamboo tar for adsorption of toluene

Huang

Hsi

Liu

2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Bamboo tar is a waste by-product from the process of bamboo charcoal production. After distillation under reduced pressure, bamboo tar becomes a highly viscous liquid containing phenolic compounds at more than 70 wt%. Therefore, bamboo tar could be an excellent replacement for the phenolic compounds produced by the decomposition of petroleum. In this study, bamboo tar was mixed with formalin under a weak alkaline condition to form cured phenol-formaldehyde (PF) beads through suspension polymerization. In total, 35% of the obtained PF resin produced spherical beads with a particle size ranging from 9 to 16 mesh. The char yield after 500 C carbonization was 60.4 wt%, according to thermogravimetric analysis. This high char yield is advantageous for the subsequent activation process. After physical activation using CO 2 at 900 C for 2 hr, the carbide yield was up to 73.0 wt%. The specific surface area of activated PF beads was dependent on the activation time and temperature. Toluene adsorption results suggest that the activated PF beads are applicable to the adsorption and recovery of VOC gases. Monolayer adsorption may limit the VOC adsorption with activated PF beads because the adsorption isotherms were better fitted with the Langmuir model. Implications: Bamboo tar is shown to be a good replacement for the phenolic compounds from decomposition of petroleum to form activated phenol-formaldehyde (PF) beads. Toluene adsorption tests suggest that the activated PF beads have potential to adsorb and recover VOC gases. Nevertheless, due to the low specific surface area of the activated PF beads from bamboo tar, a further enhancement in both meso-and microporosity is needed in the future experiments. The experimental data provide a contribution to better understanding the possibility of resource recovery of waste agricultural by-products and their potential application in environment protection.

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The effect of formaldehyde to phenol ratio on the curing and carbonisation behaviour of resole resins

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

Negative-type Chemically Amplified Photosensitive Semi-alicyclic Polybenzoxazole via Acid-catalyzed Electrophilic Substitution

Negative-type Chemically Amplified Photosensitive Semi-alicyclic Polybenzoxazole via Acid-catalyzed Electrophilic Substitution

Polymers Based on Phenols

Preparation of spherical activated phenol-formaldehyde beads from bamboo tar for adsorption of toluene

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