The effect of free fatty acid content on the apparent metabolisable energy of coconut/palm kernel oil for broiler chickens aged 12 and 52 days

Wiseman, J.; Blanch, Alfred

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(94)90126-0

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Thus it is possible that, for fats containing predominantly short-chain fatty acids, the content of saturated fatty acids used to calculate the U/S could be replaced by the sum of palmitic and stearic acids. Such a situation has been confirmed in poultry by the studies of Wiseman and Blanch (1994).…”

Section: Adequacy Of Functions Derivedmentioning

confidence: 53%

Prediction of the apparent digestible energy value of fats given to pigs

et al. 1995

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Data from experimental programmes designed to investigate the effect of chemical structure of fats upon their apparent digestible energy (DE) value for pigs were subjected to regression analysis. For growing pigs, over the approximate live-weight range 30 to 90 kg, 25 data points were available, with fats evaluated having a range in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S) from 0-66 to 15-67 and in free fatty acid (FFA) content from 8 to 818 g/kg. Sixteen data points were available for young pigs of approximately 12 kg live weight with a range in U/S from 0-62 to 5-71 and in FFA content from 54 to 756 g/kg. The wide range of values for U/S and FFA content had been obtained by blending different fats and, therefore, represented both the range and extremes likely to be found in the formulation of pig diets. Derivation of prediction equations for DE were based upon a series of non-linear regression analyses employing, in sequence, U/S, U/S + FFA content and U/S X FFA content. The DE of fats could be predicted from U/S and FFA content with equations accounting for 0-802 and 0-768 of the variation in DE values for growing and young pigs respectively. The most appropriate equation for pigs of all live weights employed U/S and FFA content additively (U/S + FFA content). The equation for growing pigs was DE (MJ/kg) = 36-898 -(0-0046FFA (g/kg)) -7-33e(-0-906U/S) and for young pigs was DE (MJ/kg) = 37-890 -(0-0051FFA (g/kg)) -8-20e(-0-515U/S). Comparisons revealed that differences between the two age groups, with lower values achieved with younger pigs, -were more pronounced the lower U/S and the higher FFA content of the fat.

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Section: Adequacy Of Functions Derivedmentioning

confidence: 53%

Prediction of the apparent digestible energy value of fats given to pigs

et al. 1995

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“…The unsaturated/saturated ratio (U/S ratio) used to predict dietary energy of these fat by-products was calculated according to ( cis -MUFA + cis -PUFA)/SFA. To calculate this ratio, the trans -C18:1 isomers (sum of positional isomers) were considered as SFA and as recommended by Wiseman et al [ 30 ] FA with 12 carbons or below were considered as unsaturated FA independently of their degree of saturation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Last, the energy of these fat by-products (apparent metabolizable energy, AME, for broilers or the digestible energy, DE, for pigs) was calculated applying the equation suggested by Wiseman et al [ 28 ]: AME (broilers) or DE (pigs) = A + B (FFA-AC) + C e D (U/S) , where A, B, C, and D are the value of constants for different animal species and ages used in the corresponding prediction equations, with A being a positive coefficient and B, C, D, and E negative coefficients for young and old broilers and pigs; FFA-AC correspond to the FFA contents obtained by titration (acidity), expressed when introduced in this formula as FFA g/kg of fat; and U/S was the ratio unsaturated fatty acids to SFA. As commented above, as recommended by Wiseman et al [ 30 ] to calculate U/S ratio, saturated fatty acids with a carbon chain length equal or shorter than 12 carbons were considered as unsaturated, because they have a similar digestibility. In addition, trans -C18:1 isomers were considered as saturated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Nutritional Value of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding

Varona

Tres

Rafecas

et al. 2021

Animals

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Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are oil refining by-products rich in free fatty acids. The objective of this study is their characterization and the identification of their sources of variability so that they can be standardized to improve their use as feed ingredients. Samples (n=92) were collected from the Spanish market and the MIU value (sum of moisture, insoluble impurities, and unsaponifiable matter), lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and tocol content were analyzed. Their composition was highly variable even between batches from the same producer. As FAD originated from a distillation step, they showed higher free fatty acid amounts (82.5 vs 57.0 g/100 g, median values), whereas AO maintained higher proportions of moisture, polymers, tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols. Overall, the MIU value was higher in AO (2.60–18.50 g/100 g in AO vs 0.63-10.44 g/100 g in FAD), with most of the contents of insoluble impurities being higher than those in the guidelines. Tocol and fatty acid composition were influenced by the crude oil’s botanical origin. The calculated dietary energy values were, in general, higher for AO and decreased when a MIU correction factor was applied. The analytical control and standardization of these by-products is of the outmost importance to revalorize them as feed ingredients.

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“…Prediction of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) using Wiseman equation AME of samples were predicted using a general equation (Equation 1) with A, B, C and D based on the values shown in Table 1 (Wiseman and Blanch, 1994;Wiseman et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the natural emulsifying properties of unsaturated fatty acids could also aid in mixed micelle formation and absorption, resulting in better utilization of saturated fatty acids . Given the importance of FFA and the degree of saturation of oil (ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids; U:S) in oil digestion and absorption, the Wiseman equation incorporates both of these parameters into one general equation to predict the energy values of different sources of oils and fats (Wiseman and Blanch, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%