The effect of freezing and thawing on water flow and MCPA leaching in partially frozen soil

Holten, Roger; Bøe, Frederik; Almvik, Marit; Katuwal, Sheela; Stenrød, Marianne; Larsbo, Mats; Jarvis, Nicholas; Eklo, Ole Martin

doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.003

Cited by 38 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The pattern of simulated soil temperatures is similar to those observed in experimental studies with similar boundary conditions (Holten et al, 2018). Soil temperatures close to the surface increase very quickly toward the air temperature (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

A Dual‐Permeability Approach for Modeling Soil Water Flow and Heat Transport during Freezing and Thawing

Larsbo

Holten

Stenrød

et al. 2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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Core Ideas Macropore flow may be enhanced in partly frozen soil. We developed a dual‐permeability modeling approach for frozen soils. Four test cases of increasing complexity were evaluated. Modeling results are in agreement with current process understanding. Measured data are lacking for a more quantitative evaluation of the model. Preferential flow may become significant in partially frozen soils because infiltration can occur through large, initially air‐filled pores surrounded by a soil matrix with limited infiltration capacity. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate a dual‐permeability approach for simulating water flow and heat transport in macroporous soils undergoing freezing and thawing. This was achieved by introducing physically based equations for soil freezing and thawing into the dual‐permeability model MACRO. Richards' equation and the heat flow equation were loosely coupled using the generalized Clapeyron equation for the soil micropore domain. Freezing and thawing of macropore water is governed by a first‐order equation for energy transfer between the micropore and macropore domains. We assumed that macropore water was unaffected by capillary forces, so that water in macropores freezes at 0°C. The performance of the model was evaluated for four test cases: (i) redistribution of water in the micropore domain during freezing, (ii) a comparison between the first‐order energy transfer approach and the heat conduction equation, (iii) infiltration and water flow in frozen soil with an initially air‐filled macropore domain, and (iv) thawing from the soil surface during constant‐rate rainfall. Results show that the model behaves in accordance with the current understanding of water flow and heat transport in frozen macroporous soil. To improve modeling of water and heat flow in frozen soils, attention should now be focused on providing experimental data suitable for evaluating models that account for macropore flow.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

A Dual‐Permeability Approach for Modeling Soil Water Flow and Heat Transport during Freezing and Thawing

Larsbo

Holten

Stenrød

et al. 2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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“…Thunholm et al (1989) from the current study (Figure 7b) with the infiltration rate for an F I G U R E 9 (a) Unfrozen water content, θ u (m 3 m −3 ), and (b) temperature, T ( C), contour plots during the infiltration experiment for a dry (θ i < 0.20) intact (macroporous) column that exhibited no exfiltration (IC3). This would suggest that the reduced infiltration rate for IC3 and trapping of infiltrating water was more likely due to a lack of connected macropores, which researchers have long recognized as critical to determining the depth of preferential flow (Beven & Germann, 1982) and have demonstrated as important for preferential flow and transport in frozen soils (Holten et al, 2018). They suggest that a decrease in the infiltration rate 22 hr after infiltration was likely due to the inhibition of water flow by formation of ice within the macropores.…”

Section: Dry Intact Column Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparatively, the infiltration rate of IC3 from the current study did not decrease, but remained constant throughout the infiltration event ( Figure 7b). This would suggest that the reduced infiltration rate for IC3 and trapping of infiltrating water was more likely due to a lack of connected macropores, which researchers have long recognized as critical to determining the depth of preferential flow (Beven & Germann, 1982) and have demonstrated as important for preferential flow and transport in frozen soils (Holten et al, 2018). This trapping allowed time for refreezing of the infiltrating water within the column, which appeared to take several hours (Figure 9).…”

Section: Infiltration Rate Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early laboratory studies often relied on repacked soil columns lacking intact macropores or were completed under saturated conditions with a lack of air-filled pores. More recently, chemical tracer experiments on intact soil columns have shown that, under partially saturated conditions, most infiltration occurs through macropores because frozen conditions greatly reduce the soil matrix permeability (Grant, Macrae, Rezanezhad, & Lam, 2019;Holten et al, 2018). In a tracer test on a frozen undisturbed soil monolith, Stadler, Stähli, Aeby, and Flühler (2000) observed freezing of infiltrating water and dye staining along macropore flow paths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Watanabe and Kugisaki (2017) conducted infiltration experiments on frozen repacked soil columns with artificial macropores, noting that infiltrating water either flowed through or froze within macropores, depending on macropore size and soil temperature. More recently, chemical tracer experiments on intact soil columns have shown that, under partially saturated conditions, most infiltration occurs through macropores because frozen conditions greatly reduce the soil matrix permeability (Grant, Macrae, Rezanezhad, & Lam, 2019;Holten et al, 2018). However, the influence of macropores on infiltration over the range of dry to wet antecedent moisture conditions in frozen soils remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of antecedent moisture and macroporosity on infiltration and water flow in frozen soil

Pittman

Mohammed

Cey

2019

Hydrological Processes

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Leaching and surface runoff after fall application of fungicides on putting greens

et al. 2021

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Many greenkeepers and authorities are concerned about the environmental risks resulting from pesticide use on golf courses. We studied leaching and surface runoff of fungicides and metabolites for two winter seasons after fall application of boscalid, pyraclostrobin, prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin, and fludioxonil in field lysimeters at NIBIO Landvik, Norway. The applications were made on creeping bentgrass greens (5% slope) that had been established from seed or sod (26-mm mat) on USGAspecification. root zones amended with Sphagnum peat or garden compost, both with 0.3-0.4% organic carbon in the root zone. The proportions of the winter precipitation recovered as surface and drainage water varied from 3 and 91% in 2016-2017 to 33 and 55% in 2017-2018 due to differences in soil freezing, rainfall intensity, and snow and ice cover. Detections of fungicides and their metabolites in drainage water were mostly within the environmental risk limits (ERLs) for aquatic organisms. In contrast, concentrations in surface runoff exceeded ERLs by up to 1,000 times. Greens established from sod usually had higher fungicide losses in surface runoff but lower losses in drainage water than greens established from seed. Presumably because of higher microbial activity and a higher pH that made prothioconazole-desthio more polar, fungicide and metabolite losses in drainage water were usually higher from greens containing compost that from greens containing peat. Leaching of fungicides and metabolites occurred even from frozen greens. The results are discussed in a practical context aiming for reduced environmental risks from spraying fungicides against turfgrass winter diseases.

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The effect of freezing and thawing on water flow and MCPA leaching in partially frozen soil

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

A Dual‐Permeability Approach for Modeling Soil Water Flow and Heat Transport during Freezing and Thawing

A Dual‐Permeability Approach for Modeling Soil Water Flow and Heat Transport during Freezing and Thawing

Effects of antecedent moisture and macroporosity on infiltration and water flow in frozen soil

Leaching and surface runoff after fall application of fungicides on putting greens

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