The Effect of Grade Retention on Adult Crime: Evidence from a Test-Based Promotion Policy

Abstract

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The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining

“…Both of these results are consistent with the "rent-seeking" hypothesis of teacher unionization (Hoxby 1996). 3 We further demonstrate that the negative effects of duty-to-bargain laws are particularly pronounced among black and Hispanic males: annual earnings decline by $3,246 (9.43 percent), hours worked per week decline by 0.72 (2.18 percent), the likelihood of being employed is 1.3 percentage points lower, and years of schooling and occupational skill are significantly lower at 10 years of exposure. Collective bargaining laws also lead to worse labor market outcomes among white and Asian men, but the effects are more modest in magnitude.…”

A source of funding for illicit activities or a solution to crime? Evidence from remittance inflows to Jamaica

“…14 See footnote 6. 15 Donohue and Levitt (2019); Eren et al (2018). 16 Determination of the number of common factors with the panel BIC in Bai and Ng (2004) is further discussed in the results section.…”

The impacts of Abecedarian and Head Start on educational attainment: Reasoning about unobserved mechanisms from temporal patterns of indirect effects

“…Another potential mechanism for ECE programs' persistent effects revolves around the notion of institutional-gateway processes defined as "certain kinds of interactions with institutions at critical moments in the life course [that] put constraints on individuals' outcomes far into the future" (Bailey et al, 2020, p.72). Institutional gateway processes like financial aid application tutorials, SAT test preparation, or grade retention, while not necessarily coupled with skill formation, can nonetheless play a role in the mechanisms supporting long-run impacts, by inducing favorable changes in subsequent developmental environments (e.g., Bettinger et al, 2012;Buchmann et al, 2010;Eren et al, 2022;Hurwitz et al, 2017;Manacorda, 2012).…”