The effect of growth rate variation on the conductivity and morphology of polypyrrole thin films

Hahn, Stephen J.; Stanchina, W.E.; Gajda, Walter J.; Vogelhut, P. O.

doi:10.1007/bf02655328

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Sun et al 24 have reported that the conductivity of PPy-ToS films is enhanced by increasing the electrolytic current density but diminishes beyond a current density of 3.0 mA cm 2 . This trend is reported among other observations, although Hahn et al 25 found that the conductivity of both PPy-BF 4 and PPy-ClO 4 films reached a maximum at a current density of 0.75 mA cm 2 . These results suggest that the application of higher potentials induces unfavourable side-reactions that cause the PPy film properties to deteriorate; however, the precise cause leading to loss of high conductivity is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

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Surface and electrochemical study of DBSA‐doped polypyrrole films grown on stainless steel

Prissanaroon

Brack

Pigram

et al. 2002

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Electrically conducting polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (PPy-DBSA) have been electrochemically polymerized on stainless steel. The surface and electrochemical properties of the films were investigated by a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CV results showed an irreversible reaction of electropolymerization. All PPy-DBSA films had a nodular or cauliflower-like surface morphology. The grain size was dependent on the growth current density and the growth time. The ratio of incorporated DBSA anions to pyrrole repeat units in the films was ∼1 : 2. The doping level, calculated from the positive charge accumulated in the polymer chain (at.% ratio .N + + N 2+ //N total /, varied as a function of the growth current density and the growth time. The maximum doping level occurred at a growth current density of 0.5 mA cm −2 , consistent with an oxidation peak of the pyrrole monomer observed by CV. The interfacial layer between the polymer and substrate was also studied. A sulphur-rich layer was observed, indicating the presence of a thin layer of DBSA at the interface. In addition, iron was detected on the metal side of the film as a result of its dissolution from the stainless-steel electrode during the electropolymerization process. These results have implications for the use of polypyrrole films as environmentally friendly corrosion mitigants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The reaction kinetics change with the current density, leading to the incorporation of more or less oxidation of PPy. 25 From the cyclic voltammogram in Fig. 1(a), a distinct peak in the oxidation sweep at 1.4 V is observed corresponding to oxidation of the PPy-DBSA film.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Surface and electrochemical study of DBSA‐doped polypyrrole films grown on stainless steel

Prissanaroon

Brack

Pigram

et al. 2002

Surface & Interface Analysis

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“…The maximum doping level is observed when a growth potential of 1.4 V is applied. It is possible that the reaction kinetics may change with the applied potential, leading to changes in the level of PPy oxidation [22]. This hypothesis was investigated by performing a CV of the electropolymerisation of PPy(DBSA) using an inert Pt electrode as the working electrode.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A surface and electrochemical study of polypyrrole coated on stainless steel and copper

Prissanaroon

Brack

Pigram

et al. 2004

Current Applied Physics

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“…The dependence of the degree of oxidation−reduction on the applied potential was monitored by reducing the film in a stationary cell for 30 min under the same HDV conditions. The current was found to increase rapidly at an oxidizing potential of 0.6 V and decreased at −1.3 V. During this process, the current through the PPy film dropped from 2.48 to 0.08 μA with an attendant loss in the film conductivity ( , ). As shown in Figure , the analyte has a decreased binding preference toward the partially oxidized PPy film.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the affinity of the polymer-bound Ab remains constant, the electrochemical properties of the PPy membrane should largely be influenced by a controlled applied potential. It should be noted that the net charge of the PPy matrix drastically changes depend ing on the potential ( , ). The dependence of the degree of oxidation−reduction on the applied potential was monitored by reducing the film in a stationary cell for 30 min under the same HDV conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Electrochemical Immunosensor for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Bender

Sadik

1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A direct electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water. The assay is based on the measurement of the current due to the specific binding between PCB and anti-PCB antibody-immobilized conducting polymer matrix. The linear dynamic range of the immunosensor is between 0.3 and 100 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 for Aroclor 1242. The method detection limits for Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1016 were 3.3, 1.56, 0.39, and 1.66 ng/ mL respectively, and at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. The immunosensor exhibited high selectivity for PCBs in the presence of potential interference such as chlorinated anisoles, benzenes, and phenols. The highest cross-reactivity measured for chlorinated phenolic compounds relative to Aroclor 1248 was less than 3%. Recoveries of spiked Aroclors 1242 and 1254 from industrial effluent water, rolling mill, and seafood plant pretreated water at 0.5 and 50 ng/mL ranged from 103 to 106%. The effect of ionic compounds on detection indicates that no significant change in immunosensor signal was observed within the uncertainty of the assay procedure. The detection method may be applied for continuous monitoring of effluent such as waste streams and groundwater.

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The effect of growth rate variation on the conductivity and morphology of polypyrrole thin films

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Surface and electrochemical study of DBSA‐doped polypyrrole films grown on stainless steel

Surface and electrochemical study of DBSA‐doped polypyrrole films grown on stainless steel

A surface and electrochemical study of polypyrrole coated on stainless steel and copper

Direct Electrochemical Immunosensor for Polychlorinated Biphenyls

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