The effect of gymnastic training on muscle strength and co-activation during isometric elbow and glenohumeral flexion/extension

Elbow Joint Position and Force Senses in Young and Adult Untrained People and Gymnasts

“…It was previously shown that a force reproduction task with target force level above 20% of MVC was muscle group-dependent [14], which could explain the observed differences between elbow flexors and extensors. What is more, as mentioned earlier, long-term gymnastic training is directed toward muscle strength of elbow extensors [31], which would be consistent with the observed negative correlation between muscle strength of the antagonists and FS performance [14].…”

“…One of the reasons for the lack of JPS difference in young gymnasts could be due to the earlier introduced lack of balance between the agonist and antagonist muscles. Gymnasts improved their neuromuscular control through long-term training; however, if one considers the elbow joint, the most focus is directed to elbow extensors, which serve as a support for the bodyweight during most gymnastic exercises [31]. The difference between the presented studies could be joint-and/or sex-related, as gymnasts' better kinesthetic performance was observed for lower limb and among females [32].…”

Child-Adult differences in antagonist muscle coactivation: A systematic review

“…There are several studies which have investigated antagonist coactivation in children and adults, during isometric, (Falk et al, 2009a(Falk et al, , 2009bGrosset et al, 2008;Hassani et al, 2009;Jensen et al, 2013;Kochanowiz et al, 2018;Kotzamanidou et al, 2005;Lambertz et al, 2003;Morse et al, 2008;O'Brien et al, 2009O'Brien et al, , 2010 isokinetic (Bassa et al, 2005;Kellis and Unnithan, 1999) or multi-joint dynamic movements of the upper or lower extremities (Croce et al, 2004;Deffeyes et al, 2012;Frost et al, 2002Frost et al, , 1997Lazaridis et al, 2010Lazaridis et al, , 2013Thompson-Kolesar et al, 2018), with inconsistent results. Some studies report greater coactivation in children (Frost et al, 2002;Grosset et al, 2008;Lazaridis et al, 2010), some report greater coactivation in adults (Kochanowiz et al, 2018;Oliver and Smith, 2010;Quinzi et al, 2015), while others report no age-related differences (Deffeyes et al, 2012;Falk et al, 2009b;Jensen et al, 2013;O'Brien et al, 2010;Raffalt et al, 2017). Further, some studies report age-related differences in antagonist coactivation in some but not all movements (Kochanowiz et al, 2018;Lazaridis et al, 2013;Thompson-Kolesar et al, 2018).…”

“…Some studies report greater coactivation in children (Frost et al, 2002;Grosset et al, 2008;Lazaridis et al, 2010), some report greater coactivation in adults (Kochanowiz et al, 2018;Oliver and Smith, 2010;Quinzi et al, 2015), while others report no age-related differences (Deffeyes et al, 2012;Falk et al, 2009b;Jensen et al, 2013;O'Brien et al, 2010;Raffalt et al, 2017). Further, some studies report age-related differences in antagonist coactivation in some but not all movements (Kochanowiz et al, 2018;Lazaridis et al, 2013;Thompson-Kolesar et al, 2018). Thus, while it is commonly accepted that antagonist coactivation, in general, is greater in children and decreases with age, the inconsistent findings reported in the above studies, where different types of movements or contractions were examined, bring this certainty into question.…”

Changes in the Flexor and Extensor Muscles at Different Speeds

“…Improving the centrifugal force of lower limbs is of great significance for the prevention of injury, and developing the centrifugal force of muscles can effectively increase the stability of lower limbs and reduce the risk of injury. 2 In recent years, with the in-depth research on the mechanism of centrifugal training and the working principle of muscles, centrifugal training has become one of the important methods of strength training and rehabilitation training due to its lower energy consumption, higher load and better training effect compared with centripetal training . At present, there are few studies on the influence of centripetal combined with centrifugal training on muscle fast force and the relationship between centripetal combined with centrifugal training of different loads and speed factors.…”