The effect of hopelessness on violence tendency: Turkish football fans

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the hopelessness and violence tendency of football fans and to investigate the differences between these variables and various demographic variables. The research group was formed by 398 male volunteer football fans who watched the Elazigspor (Sports Toto 1st League) matches in the 2018-2019 season in Turkey. In addition to demographic variables in the study, the Violent Trend Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the findings of the research, it was determined that there was a moderate positive relationship between the variable of hopelessness and the tendency toward violence. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the tendency toward violence according to the variables of fans going to away games, the duration of watching matches at the stadium, and with whom fans watched the matches. As a result, as the level of fans’ hopelessness increased, it was observed that there was an increase in violent tendencies. In addition, those who went to watch away matches, those who watched matches at the stadium for a long period of time, and those who went to watch matches with friends were found to have high levels of violent tendencies.

Instrumentos para avaliação da agressividade de torcedores esportivos: uma revisão sistemática

“…No que se refere às evidências de validade de conteúdo, seis dos onze instrumentos foram elaborados a partir da literatura da área, seguindo teorias de agressividade e outros instrumentos. Apenas o Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI; Buss & Durkee, 1957) e a Violence Tendency Scale (VTS; Yalcin et al, 2021) obtiveram pontuação máxima, por terem outros tipos de evidências, como análise semântica dos itens, para conferir se os itens estavam claros para membros da população-alvo de menor nível de escolaridade, conforme recomenda Pasquali (2010). Ademais, a VTS teve análise de juízes especialistas.…”

“…Referente às populações dos estudos, sete estudos tinham como foco específico torcedores esportivos, sendo cinco de futebol (Bensimon & Bodner, 2011;Hu & Cui, 2020;Shuv-Ami & Toder-Alon, 2021;Yalcin et al, 2021;Zeferino et al, 2021), um de hóquei (Harrell, 1981) e um de rugby (Moore et al, 2007). Seis focaram em estudantes universitários (Bernache-Assollant & Chantal, 2009;End & Foster, 2010;Rocca & Vogl-Bauer, 1999;Wann, 1994;Wann, Carlson et al, 1999;Wann, Fahl et al, 1999).…”

“…No que se refere às evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo, cinco instrumentos Brief Aggression Questionnaire (Vitoratou et al, 2009), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992), Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (Maxwell & Moores, 2007), Team Sport Club Aggression Scale (Shuv-Ami & Toder-Alon, 2021) e The Reactive-Proactive Questionnaire (Raine et al, 2006) obtiveram três pontos, por apresentarem as bases teóricas empregadas e utilizarem itens já testados em instrumentos anteriores. Além dessas duas evidências, o Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (Buss & Durkee, 1957) e a Violence Tendency Scale (Yalcin et al, 2021) apresentaram outros tipos de evidências (análise semântica dos itens e análise do instrumento por experts) e alcançaram a pontuação total (4 pontos). Os outros instrumentos obtiveram 2 pontos.…”