“…Some studies set up a solo measure to represent the overall employee quality (Call et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2022;Li, Liu and Wu, 2022) [10,[15][16][17]. Some studies focused on the proportions of employees with bachelor's degrees or above to measure human capital quality (Wang and Liao, 2021;Si and Xia, 2022;Jin et al, 2023) [11,13,14]. Some studies created two measures to describe employees with undergraduate and graduate education degrees (Li and Lu, 2020; Xue et al, 2020; Chen and Yoon, 2021; Wang and Yan, 2022) [9,12,18,19].…”