The Effect of "Humanised" Milks and Supplemented Breast Feeding on The Faecal Flora of Infants

Bullen, C. L.; Tearle, P; Stewart, M. G.

doi:10.1099/00222615-10-4-403

Cited by 155 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The contributions of bifidobacteria, bacteroides, enterococci and enterobacteria were similar to those found in various studies by Mata et al (1972), Ellis-Pegler, Crabtree and Lambert (1 979, Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976), Long and Swenson (1977) and Albert et al (1978). Bifidobacteria are the predominant faecal bacteria in breast-fed infants (Mata and Urrutia, 197 1 ;Bullen et al, 1976) and during the first week of life in infants fed with Premium Milk (Bullen, Tearle and Stewart, 1977). In our studies, bifidobacteria represented c. 25% of all strains identified.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…faecalis and E. coli were the commonest facultative species isolated from the neonatal faeces and were isolated in large numbers. The proportion of E. coli is increased in babies fed with cow's milk preparations (Gyllenberg and Roine, 1957;Ellis-Pegler et al, 1975;Bullen et al, 1977) and all the babies in the present study received supplementary feeds of a commercial cow's-milk preparation. Other enterobacteria were isolated in very small numbers and Staph.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

307

175

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SUMMARY.The development of the bacterial flora of neonates during the first week of life was studied in 23 babies. Specimens of meconium or faeces were collected and swabs taken from the umbilicus and mouth on days 1, 2, 3 and 6. The bacteria present were isolated on a variety of plain and selective media. The predominant faecal organisms by the end of the first week were anaerobes. Bifidobacteria were isolated from all the neonates and bacteroides and clostridia were isolated from 78.3%. Bifidobacteria and bacteroides were present in large numbers; other species were isolated in smaller numbers. Enterococci were isolated from all neonates, enterobacteria from 82.6%, anaerobic cocci from 52.2%, and streptococci and staphylococci from 34.8% each.Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was isolated from 21.7% of neonates on the first day rising to 87.0% by the sixth day and represented 49% of isolates from this site. S. albus, streptococci, enterococci and Escherichia coli were each isolated from a few neonates.Viridans streptococci (3 1 -4% of isolates) and Streptococcus salivarius (251%) were the commonest species recovered from the mouth. They were present from 8 h after birth; S. albus and Neisseria spp. were isolated later on the first day, and anaerobic species of Veillonella and Bijidobacterium appeared on the second day. INTRODUCTIONThe normal fetus is sterile until shortly before birth, as long as the amniotic membrane remains intact. After birth, the neonate rapidly acquires commensal bacteria that colonise the skin and mucous membranes. The host defence mechanisms are not well developed at this stage and some commensals may become opportunist pathogens, particularly in compromised neonates who must remain in hospital for the treatment of congenital abnormalities.The gastrointestinal 'tract is colonised soon after birth, mainly by facultative bacteria. Mata, Mejicanos and Jimenez (1 972), Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976) and Long and Swenson (1977) have shown that anaerobes colonise the neonatal gastrointestinal tract during the first week of life and are greater in number and variety than aerobes or facultative species. Subsequently, only ~ ~~

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

307

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Early culture-based and microscopic investigations showed that bi dobacteria were the predominant microorganisms in faeces of breast-fed infants but not in formulafed infants (5,6). H owever, several other culture based studies have shown that both groups of infants have equal frequency and level of bi dobacterial colonisation by the age of approximately 1 month or earlier (7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Infants as Assessed by 16S rDNA Sequence Differences

Satokari

Vaughan²,

Favier³

et al. 2002

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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A qualitative molecular monitoring approach based on PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGG E) was used to study the diversity of dominant bacteria, bi dobacteria and lactobacilli in vaginally delivered full-term infants. Seven breast-fed and six formula-fed infants participated in the study. 16S rDNA targeted primers were used for the speci c PCR ampli cation of fragment s from bacteria, bi dobacteria and lactobacilli from faeca l samples that were collected before and after weaning at the age of approximat ely 1 and 7 months, respectively. The PCR fragment s were subsequently resolved in a sequence-dependen t manner by D GGE. In addition, cloning and sequence analysis of the PCR fragment s was used to identify the species from which they originated. Based on the number of fragment s in the D GGE pro les it was estimated that breast-fed and formula-fed infants harboured bacterial communities of equa l complexity. There was no conspicuou s difference in the distribution of Bi dobacterium or Lactobacillus species between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. The most frequently found representat ives of these gener a were B. infantis and species belonging to the L. acidophilus -group in both groups of infants. The predominan t Bi dobacterium and Lactobacillus populations in most infants consisted of only one or two species.

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“…Early colonisation is influenced by the type of milk feeds, with higher proportions of Bacteroides spp and facultative organisms found in the faeces of formula-fed infants and higher proportions of Bifidobacterium spp in the faeces of breast-fed infants (Bullen et al, 1977;Long & Swenson, 1977;Balmer & Wharton, 1989). During weaning, in particular in the breast-fed infant (Stark & Lee, 1982), there is a change in the colonic flora in association with the introduction of dietary complex carbohydrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

et al. 2003

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Objective: Little is known of the degree to which the colon salvages energy through starch fermentation in young children. Using a simulated colonic environment, we aimed to account for the fate of fermented raw and cooked starch in two groups of young children and in adults. Design: A slurry was prepared from faecal samples from six infants (7-10 months), six toddlers (16-21 months) and seven adults (24-56 y). Each slurry was anaerobically incubated with raw or cooked maize starch in MacCartney bottles in a shaking water bath. Parallel incubations were stopped at 4 and 24 h. The headspace gas volume was analysed for CO 2 and methane. The culture supernatant was analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), lactate and residual starch. Results: Different patterns of fermentation were seen at 4 and 24 h. For raw starch, the production of SCFA decreased with subject age at 4 h but not at 24 h. With both substrates at 4 h, toddler stools produced significantly more CO 2 than infants or adults, but there were no statistical differences at 24 h. Methane was detected in three adults only. Lactate was detected mainly at 4 h in children. Conclusions:The results suggest that fermentation, particularly of raw starch, is a more rapid process in young children than in adults. A highly efficient energy salvage process may occur in the colon of young children.

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The Effect of "Humanised" Milks and Supplemented Breast Feeding on The Faecal Flora of Infants

Cited by 155 publications

References 14 publications

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Diversity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Infants as Assessed by 16S rDNA Sequence Differences

Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults: importance for energy salvage

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