“…Shareholders of bidding firms, however, realise smaller gains (Asquith, Bruner, & Mullins, 1983) and losses (Billett & Qian, 2008;Doeswijk & Hemmes, 2001;Morck, Shleifer, & Vishny, 1990;Mulherin & Boone, 2000). Furthermore, substantial pre-announcement price run-ups often occur in target firm stocks and sometimes in acquiring firm stocks due to insider trading (IT) or market speculation (Aitken & Czernkowski, 1992;Keown & Pinkerton, 1981;Meulbroek, 1992;Meulbroek & Hart, 1997;Schwert, 1996). Banerjee and Eckard (2001) claimed that insiders captured all merger gains prior to public announcements in the first merger wave of 1897-1903. IT is a misappropriation of private information that is unfair to the general public (Cao, Field, & Hanka, 2004;Chakravarty & McConnell, 1999;Jeng, Metrick, & Zeckhauser, 2003).…”