The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees

Denton, Derek A.; Weisinger, R. S.; Mundy, Nicholas I.; Wickings, E. Jean; Dixson, Alan F.; Moisson, Pierre; Pingard, A.M.; Shade, Robert E.; Carey, Dee; Ardaillou, Raymond; Paillard, F.; Chapman, John; Thillet, Joëlle; Michel, Jean Baptiste

doi:10.1038/nm1095-1009

Cited by 358 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…[34][35][36] Studies conducted on chimpanzees showed that when exposed to high salt diets their BP levels increase, which is consistent with adaptation to a low sodium environment. 37 This evidence supports the hypothesis that modern humans inherited from their ancestors a gene that was adaptive in an environment low in sodium.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The effect of genetic variation in angiotensinogen on serum levels and blood pressure: a comparison of Nigerians and US blacks

Fejerman

Adeyemo

et al. 2006

J Hum Hypertens

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Molecular variants of angiotensinogen (AGT) have been associated with AGT level and hypertension (HT). However, results from reported studies vary considerably between-and within-studied populations. We performed association analysis of AGT gene variants with AGT levels and HT in samples of African descent families, including 595 Nigerians and 901 African Americans. We evaluated association using haplotypes defined by a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms selected from a previous detailed study of the gene haplotype structure. In the sample of Nigerian families, AGT haplotype H1 was associated with high plasma level. Results were not significant for blood pressure (BP) or HT. For the African-American population, we found significant association between low plasma AGT level and haplotype H7. Furthermore, we found weak associations of H1 with hypertensive status and H7 with low systolic BP. However, no significant association between H1 and high plasma level was found. We conclude that the two distantly related haplotypes, H1 and H7, are associated, but have opposite effects on the phenotypes in two populations of African origin.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The effect of genetic variation in angiotensinogen on serum levels and blood pressure: a comparison of Nigerians and US blacks

Fejerman

Adeyemo

et al. 2006

J Hum Hypertens

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“…42 Large salt losses due to sweating made sodium and water conservation essential for survival. 44 For example, humans and non-human primates from tropical climates have enhanced salt and water avidity. [25][26][27] Another consequence of this reliance on sweating is decreasing blood volume.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide spatial genetic structure of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene: a new evolutionary ecological evidence for the thrifty genotype hypothesis

Sun

Jin

et al. 2011

Eur J Hum Genet

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As JV Neel put forward the 'thrifty genotype' hypothesis, many researches tend to support this hypothesis involved in the regulation of energy balance. However, the phrase could equally well encapsulate broader traits and the forms of thrift should be multiple. In particular, genes involved in the regulation of water and sodium balance may also be excellent candidates as thrifty genes. In the present study, we selected the ancestral D allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, a key gene involved in water and sodium balance regulation, as a candidate to confirm the 'thrifty genotype' hypothesis in the framework of evolutionary ecology. On the basis of our compiled worldwide spatial genetics database of I/D frequency of ACE gene and spatial climate database, using techniques of spatial statistics, we found (1) an obvious decreasing geographic genetic cline following the route of out-of-Africa expansion from East Africa, (2) a positive association between D allele and synthetic temperature factor, (3) and a negative relationship between D allele and synthetic humidity factor that covered most regions of the world, and obvious spatial dependence between D allele and these two climate factors followed the route of out-of-Africa expansion from Africa. This suggested that D allele of ACE gene is not only plastic in response to its environmental circumstance but also presents a striking geographic distribution showing the evidence of 'signatures of selection' by climate factors. Thus, it can be identified as a thrifty allele and could provide a new evolutionary ecological evidence for the 'thrifty genotype' hypothesis.

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“…21 Twenty-six chimpanzees with a mean age of 12 years (equivalent to human adolescents) were randomized into two groups: one was given their usual salt intake of approximately 0.5 g/day, which is close to humans' evolutionary intake and, in the other group, salt intake was gradually increased to 5, 10 and 15 g/day, which is similar to the current salt intake in adolescents. During the 20-month study, there was a progressive increase in the difference in blood pressure between the two groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

2007

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To study the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure in children and adolescents, we analysed the data of a large cross-sectional study (the National Diet and Nutrition Survey for young people), which was carried out in Great Britain in 1997 in a nationally representative sample of children aged between 4 and 18 years. A total of 1658 participants had both salt intake and blood pressure recorded. Salt intake was assessed by a 7-day dietary record. The average salt intake, which did not include salt added in cooking or at the table, was 4.770.2 g/day at the age of 4 years. With increasing age, there was an increase in salt intake, and by the age of 18 years, salt intake was 6.870.2 g/day. There was a significant association of salt intake with systolic blood pressure as well as with pulse pressure after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and dietary potassium intake. An increase of 1 g/day in salt intake was related to an increase of 0.4 mm Hg in systolic and 0.6 mm Hg in pulse pressure. The magnitude of the association with systolic blood pressure is very similar to that observed in a recent meta-analysis of controlled trials where salt intake was reduced. The consistent finding of our present analysis of a random sample of free-living individuals with that from controlled salt reduction trials provides further support for a reduction in salt intake in children and adolescents.

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The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees

Cited by 358 publications

References 37 publications

The effect of genetic variation in angiotensinogen on serum levels and blood pressure: a comparison of Nigerians and US blacks

The effect of genetic variation in angiotensinogen on serum levels and blood pressure: a comparison of Nigerians and US blacks

Worldwide spatial genetic structure of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene: a new evolutionary ecological evidence for the thrifty genotype hypothesis

Salt and blood pressure in children and adolescents

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