The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

Steinhardt, Laura C.; Yeka, Adoke; Nasr, Sussann; Wiegand, Ryan E.; Rubahika, Denis; Sserwanga, Asadu; Wanzira, Humphrey; Lavoy, Geoff; Kamya, Moses R.; Dorsey, Grant; Filler, Scott G.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0747

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A consistent finding among studies carried out in other African countries comparing malariometric indices between areas of IRS-implementation and non-implementation is a significantly lower prevalence of parasitaemia, anaemia and splenomegaly in the IRS-implementing area compared to the non-IRS-implementing area [8, 9, 22]. In this study, there was a statistically significant difference in levels of parasitaemia alone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A malariometric survey of under-fives residing in indoor residual spraying-implementing and non-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria

Odugbemi

Wright

Onajole

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundIndoor residual spraying (IRS) is used as part of the integrated vector management strategy for the control of malaria in Lagos, Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to compare the malariometric indices of children under 5 years old living in IRS-implementing and non-IRS-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria.MethodsThe study was a community-based, comparative, cross-sectional study of 480 children under five recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data on each child were collected using a household questionnaire administered to the consenting care-giver of each selected child. Each child underwent a comprehensive physical examination. On-the-spot malaria rapid diagnostic testing and haemoglobin estimation to assess parasitaemia and anaemia, respectively, were also carried out. Risk factors for parasitaemia and anaemia were identified using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsA total of 238 children were studied in the IRS-implementing group while 242 children were studied in the non-IRS-implementing group. The IRS -implementing community had a lower level of parasitaemia (1.3 %) compared to the non-IRS-implementing community (5.8 %) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in anaemia, spleen rate and fever in the IRS-implementing group (10.9, 9.7 and 5 %) and the non-IRS-implementing group (9.9, 8.8 and 8.7 %), respectively. Residing in an IRS-implementing community was associated with lower odds of parasitaemia (OR 0.17, p < 0.01). Sleeping under a bed net was the only factor associated with anaemia (p < 0.01).ConclusionIRS has led to a reduction in the level of parasitaemia in the under-fives in the study areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A malariometric survey of under-fives residing in indoor residual spraying-implementing and non-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria

Odugbemi

Wright

Onajole

et al. 2016

Malar J

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“…In areas of high and moderate malaria transmission, previous studies have documented that reducing malaria transmission leads to a reduction in the prevalence of anemia (30)(31)(32). However, few studies assessed the effects of interventions to decrease malaria in areas of low malaria transmission, and even in areas of higher transmission the mechanisms of how malaria reduction led to a decrease in anemia were not assessed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Decline in childhood iron deficiency after interruption of malaria transmission in highland Kenya , ,

Frosch¹,

Ondigo²,

Ayodo³

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Countries in SSA are changing to the use of carbamates and organophosphates, because of increasing evidence of DDT and pyrethroid resistance [13, 45–47]. One challenge of these insecticides is that they are more expensive than DDT and pyrethroids, which may lead to fewer houses being sprayed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One challenge of these insecticides is that they are more expensive than DDT and pyrethroids, which may lead to fewer houses being sprayed. However, it has been shown previously that the use of DDT or pyrethroids for IRS had less impact on morbidity compared to bendiocarb in other parts of Uganda [47, 48]. WHO tube bioassays on the effect of DDT and pyrethroids on An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maps provide a spatial view of areas that can be targeted by spraying teams, for example, targeting the western parts of Nagongera. In Uganda, results elsewhere suggest that the use of bendiocarb complemented the high LLIN coverage [47, 48]. While these interventions are being scaled up nationally, insecticide resistance should be monitored continuously by the various national malaria control programmes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio-temporal analysis of malaria vector density from baseline through intervention in a high transmission setting

et al. 2016

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BackgroundAn increase in effective malaria control since 2000 has contributed to a decline in global malaria morbidity and mortality. Knowing when and how existing interventions could be combined to maximise their impact on malaria vectors can provide valuable information for national malaria control programs in different malaria endemic settings. Here, we assess the effect of indoor residual spraying on malaria vector densities in a high malaria endemic setting in eastern Uganda as part of a cohort study where the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) was high.Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled monthly using CDC light traps in 107 households selected randomly. Information on the use of malaria interventions in households was also gathered and recorded via a questionnaire. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model was then used to estimate mosquito densities adjusting for climatic and ecological variables and interventions.Results Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) were most abundant (89.1%; n = 119,008) compared to An. funestus (sensu lato) (10.1%, n = 13,529). Modelling results suggest that the addition of indoor residual spraying (bendiocarb) in an area with high coverage of permethrin-impregnated LLINs (99%) was associated with a major decrease in mosquito vector densities. The impact on An. funestus (s.l.) (Rate Ratio 0.1508; 97.5% CI: 0.0144–0.8495) was twice as great as for An. gambiae (s.l.) (RR 0.5941; 97.5% CI: 0.1432–0.8577).ConclusionsHigh coverage of active ingredients on walls depressed vector populations in intense malaria transmission settings. Sustained use of combined interventions would have a long-term impact on mosquito densities, limiting infectious biting.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1917-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria and Anemia in a High-Transmission Area of Northern Uganda

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

A malariometric survey of under-fives residing in indoor residual spraying-implementing and non-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria

A malariometric survey of under-fives residing in indoor residual spraying-implementing and non-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria

Decline in childhood iron deficiency after interruption of malaria transmission in highland Kenya , ,

Spatio-temporal analysis of malaria vector density from baseline through intervention in a high transmission setting

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