The effect of induced erythrocythemia upon 5-mile treadmill run time

Williams, Melvin H.; Wesseldine, Sid; Somma, T.; Schuster, Rudolph M.

doi:10.1249/00005768-198103000-00004

Cited by 57 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Finally, the increase in V O 2max was exactly what would be predicted from published models quantifying the effect of a change in blood volume and hemoglobin concentration on aerobic power (Warren and Cureton, 1989): predicted increase was 248 mL/min; actual increase was 245 mL/min (Chapman et al, 1998). Thus the magnitude of the altitude effect is exactly what would be expected from the well-known effect of blood doping (Buick et al, 1980;Williams et al, 1981;Ekblom and Berglund, 1991) or exogenous erythropoietin injection (Ekblom and Berglund, 1991;Birkeland et al, 2000).…”

Section: Levinesupporting

confidence: 66%

“…In contrast, the adaptation that has been observed with continuous altitude exposure that has the clearest link to improved sea-level performance is an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and improves aerobic power (Ekblom et al, 1972;Buick et al, 1980;Williams et al, 1981;Ekblom and Berglund, 1991;Birkeland et al, 2000). Although some studies in elite athletes have failed to show an increase in red blood cell mass with chronic altitude exposure (Gore et al, 1998), the sum of experimental evidence in favor of this response is quite compelling.…”

Section: Erythropoietic Effect Of High Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Levine

2002

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

163

142

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LTITUD E TRAINING has been used frequently by endurance athletes to enhance performance. However, not all athletes or teams have the resources to travel to high altitude environments on a regular basis. Moreover, issues such as availability of adequate training facilities have limited the use of mountain-based altitude training. In the last few years, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of techniques designed to "bring the mountain to the athlete." Nitrogen houses, hypoxia tents, and special breathing apparatuses to provide inspired hypoxia at rest and during exercise, all have been developed and promoted to simulate what are perceived as the critical elements of altitude training.Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of these key features of altitude acclimatization, with the ultimate goal to improve sea-level athletic performance. In general, IHT can be divided into two different strategies: (1) providing hypoxia at rest with High Alt Med Biol. 3:177-193, 2002.-Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of the key features of altitude acclimatization, with the ultimate goal to improve sea-level athletic performance. In general, IHT can be divided into two different strategies: (1) providing hypoxia at rest with the primary goal being to stimulate altitude acclimatization or (2) providing hypoxia during exercise, with the primary goal being to enhance the training stimulus. Each approach has many different possible application strategies, with the essential variable among them being the "dose" of hypoxia necessary to achieve the desired effect. One approach, called living high-training low, has been shown to improve sea-level endurance performance. This strategy combines altitude acclimatization (2500 m) with low altitude training to ensure high-quality training. The opposite strategy, living low-training high, has also been proposed by some investigators. The primacy of the altitude acclimatization effect in IHT is demonstrated by the following facts: (1) living high-training low clearly improves performance in athletes of all abilities, (2) the mechanism of this improvement is primarily an increase in erythropoietin, leading to increased red cell mass, V O 2max , and running performance, and (3) rather than intensifying the training stimulus, training at altitude or under hypoxia leads to the opposite effect-reduced speeds, reduced power output, reduced oxygen flux-and therefore is not likely to provide any advantage for a well-trained athlete.

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Section: Levinesupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Erythropoietic Effect Of High Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Levine

2002

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

163

142

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“…Accordingly, an improvement inVO 2max and endurance performance (longer exercise time at a given workload, greater mean power output or speed during a time trial) with this intervention has been a general finding (47,102,439,455). Notably, blood doping also increases hematocrit and hence the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, which is in contrast to the normal physiological training response where hematocrit is slightly lowered (170), and care should, therefore, be taken when extrapolating findings from these studies.…”

Section: Blood Volume Response To Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training

Hellsten

Nyberg

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

210

185

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Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data.

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“…They can accomplish this through blood-cell transfusions or by taking EPO. In one study 2 , blood doping increased normal humans' stamina by 34%, and in another 3 , it allowed them to run 8 kilometres on a treadmill 44 seconds faster than they could before. And work published last month 4 by Max Gassmann and his colleagues at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, there are signs that the hormone has an effect on the brain, increasing an athlete's motivation to train.…”

Section: Power Pillsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes

Thompson¹

2012

Nature

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The effect of induced erythrocythemia upon 5-mile treadmill run time

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training

Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes

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