A b s t r a c tThe objective of this work is to provide a new insight into the spatial distribution of physical, chemical structure of the filter cake layer. The spatial distribution was characterized by various analytical techniques, including high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) fluid loss test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDs), particle size distribution (PSD), fluorescence test, pore size, porosity, density, water and polymer content measurement etc.. Specific cake resistance and the permeability of the filter cake were measured. The results obtained show that the spatial distribution of filter cake layer structure changes from the top layer to bottom layer. A large amount of deformable colloid particles in the filter cake layer is beneficial to the reducing of the cake permeability. The polymer and water content of the cake layer decreased from the top cake layer to the bottom cake layer. Through the SEM images, cake layer was found to have a loose outer surface when compared with the bottom cake layer.