The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on acid-base status and performance during race-paced middle-distance swimming

Lomax, Mitch; Kapus, Jernej; Webb, S.; Ušaj, Anton

doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1574250

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Interestingly, PImax did not fall further over the course of the 15 tumble turns in the TURNS-IMF trial ( Figure 1 ). Consequently, the overall magnitude of IMF following both 400FC and TURNS-IMF was similar ( Figure 2 ), which is consistent with past studies ( Lomax et al, 2014 ; Lomax et al, 2019 ). Nevertheless, pre-inducing IMF prolonged rotation times and shortened both apnea and swim-out times in comparison to TURNS-C condition ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This loading regime has been shown to result in a fall in PImax of 17%–25% in swimmers ( Lomax and Castle, 2011 ; Lomax et al, 2014 ), which is consistent with the magnitude (8%–29%) observed following 100-m and 400-m FC swimming ( Lomax and McConnell, 2003 ; Jakovljevic and McConnell, 2009 ; Thomaidis et al, 2009 ; Brown and Kilding, 2011 ; Lomax et al, 2013 ). Due to hyperventilation arising from the increase in breathing depth, mild hypocapnia and alkalosis may develop as result of the IMF protocol ( Lomax et al, 2019 ). Results of previous studies show that about 1–2 min are required to return breathing pattern and Pco 2 to resting values after the cessation of hyperventilation ( Tawadrous and Eldridge, 1974 ; Meah and Gardner, 1994 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is also unknown how IMF affects turn performance. Regarding general swimming performance, it is known that pre-induced IMF increases metabolic acidosis during subsequent swimming, slows swimming speed, and increases stroke rate and breathing frequency ( Lomax et al, 2019 ). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of tumble turns on the development of IMF and compare this to whole FC swimming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Moravec¹,

Lomax

Ušaj

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction: The present study had two objectives: 1) to investigate the effects of tumble turns on the development of inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) and compare this to whole swimming, and 2) to evaluate the effects of pre-induced IMF on the kinematic parameters of tumble turns. Fourteen young club-level swimmers (13 ± 2 years of ages) completed three swim trials.Methods: The first trial was used to determine the 400-m front crawl swim time at maximal effort (400FC). The other two trials consisted of a series of 15 tumble turns at the 400FC pace. In one of the turn-only trials, IMF was pre-induced (TURNS-IMF), whereas in the other turn-only trial it was not (TURNS-C).Results: Compared with baseline values, the values for maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) at the end of the swim were significantly lower at all trials. However, the magnitude of inspiratory muscle fatigue was less after TURNS-C (PImax decreased by 12%) than after 400FC (PImax decreased by 28%). The tumble turns were slower during 400FC than during TURNS-C and TURNS-IMF. In addition, compared to TURNS-C, turns in the TURNS-IMF were performed with higher rotation times and shorter apnea and swim-out times.Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that tumble turns put a strain on the inspiratory muscles and directly contribute to the IMF observed during 400FC swimming. Furthermore, pre-induced IMF resulted in significantly shorter apneas and slower rotations during tumble turns. IMF therefore has the potential to negatively affect overall swimming performance, and strategies should be sought to reduce its effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Moravec¹,

Lomax

Ušaj

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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“…The same trend was verified in our study. As the turn includes surface and underwater phases, and accounted by nearly 37% of the total race time, it can be suggested that fatigue not only affect the clean swim but also the turn (Lomax et al, 2019). Indeed, the 5 m-in and 15 m-out (surface phase) did increase along the race.…”

Section: Turnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, swimmers are submitted to inspiratory muscle fatigue while swimming which might induce a deficit in their energetics (Hellard et al, 2010;Lomax et al, 2019). On the other hand, it was shown that an increase in the race distance (between 100 m and 400 m freestyle), did not significantly influenced the degree of inspiratory muscle fatigue (Brown & Kilding, 2011).…”

Section: Turnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability analysis and prediction of pacing in elite 1500 m freestyle male swimmers

Morais

Barbosa

Forte

et al. 2020

Sports Biomechanics

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This study aimed to analyse the stability of elite male long-distance swimmers (1500 m), and to identify the main predictors related to the pace. The performance of 16 elite male swimmers (22.59 ± 2.10 yearsold) participating in the 1500 m event at the 2016 (London) and 2018 (Glasgow) LEN European Aquatic Championships were analysed. The lap performance, clean swim performance, turn performance, and a set of stroke mechanics variables were assessed. The lap performance presented a significant and moderate variation with all laps included (p < 0.001) and deleting the first and last lap (p = 0.002). Swimmers were significantly faster in the first half in comparison of the second. The total turn also presented a significant and moderate variation. The hierarchical linear modelling retained the time (estimate = 0.0019, p = 0.007), stroke frequency (estimate = −27.49, p < 0.001) and stroke length (estimate = −6.55, p < 0.001) as the main predictors of the clean swim performance. By contrast to the analysis based on the lap performance, clean swim performance presented a non-significant variation. Coaches should be aware that stroke length maintenance could negatively affect the clean swim performance, whereas a small increase of stroke frequency may present a meaningful enhancement of the total race time.

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Effect of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic performance, sports skills, and quality of life in wheelchair rugby athletes

Freitas,

Costa,

Barranco

et al. 2024

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies

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The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on acid-base status and performance during race-paced middle-distance swimming

Abstract: The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on acid-base status and performance during race-paced middle-distance swimming Inspiratory muscle fatigue, swimming and acid-base status

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Stability analysis and prediction of pacing in elite 1500 m freestyle male swimmers

Effect of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic performance, sports skills, and quality of life in wheelchair rugby athletes

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