The effect of insulin‐loaded gold and carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles on gene expression of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase in rats with diabetes type 1

Abstract

The goal of this study was to see how effective subcutaneous (SC) insulin is and two different types of oral insulin‐loaded nanoparticles (INS) including carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (CMCNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) separately and compare their effects on glucokinase, pyruvate kinase gene expressions, and other parameters in diabetes type one male Wistar rats. Seven groups of ten male Wistar rats for each group were formed at random including four control groups (n = 10) and three treatment groups (n = 10). The control groups consisted of four control groups (10 rats for each) and three treatment groups (10 rats for each). Normal control rats were not given any treatment, as were diabetic rats that were not given any treatment, and diabetic rats that were given oral nanoparticles (CMCNPs and AuNPs). Diabetic rats were given subcutaneous insulin, oral insulin‐loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (INS‐CMCNPs), and oral insulin‐loaded gold nanoparticles (INS‐AuNPs). The rats were treated for the final 3 weeks of the experiment, which lasted 4 weeks. CMCNPs and AuNPs presented a promising effect on pyruvate kinase and Glucokinase gene expressions compared to subcutaneous insulin. We also discovered that conjugating insulin to CMCNPs and AuNPs protects them from the insulin‐degrading enzyme, which offers managed bioavailability. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of CMCNPs and AuNPs on several parameters and discovered that both have a significant effect in vivo, which enables glucose level regulation, and improves patient organ activity for better glucose consumption. Practical applications In this paper, we discussed the effect of oral INS‐CMCNPs and INS‐AuNPs, and compared their effects on Glucokinase and pyruvate kinase gene expressions and other biochemical parameters in diabetes type one male Wistar rats. On the other hand, we investigated the impact of oral INS and subcutaneous insulin separately on the same parameters and their effect on the histology of the liver and pancreas of diabetic rats. According to our research, as we discussed the different mechanisms of INS‐CMCNPs and INS‐AuNPs, they presented a promising effect compared to SC insulin. They can be used to keep oral insulin safe from the environment of the gastrointestinal system to overcome all the barriers, improve the therapeutic, and clinical outcomes of insulin by maintaining its desired concentration inside the body, ending the panic of the patient from receiving insulin by the SC injection by increasing his satisfaction with receiving accurate oral insulin doses.

A Promising RNA Nanotechnology in Clinical Therapeutics: a Future Perspective Narrative Review

“…Gold NPs are considered a promising delivery system because of their properties such as dormancy, ease of functioning with R-SH interconnections and plasmin reverberation. Such properties underwent a comprehensive analysis to investigate their clinical implementations [ 7 ]. It was reported in a study that the successful assessment of gold nanoparticles as nucleic acid vectors after being used to inhibit the copying of T7 ribonucleic acid polymerase utilizing NPs of gold functioning with trimethylammonium thiol [ 26 ].…”

Various insulin delivery systems for management of diabetes mellitus

“…Focusing on noninvasive insulin administration routes has become a crucial requirement for many medical and pharmaceutical researchers to improve patient compliance and reduce pain and other side effects caused by injection. Different nanoparticle materials have been successfully applied for loading of antidiabetic drugs (curcumin and berberine) with remarkable results in vivo in controlling high blood glucose levels [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Nanoparticles are particles in the size range between 1 and 100 nanometers and are comprised of carbon, metal, metal oxides or organic materials.…”

“…The oral administration of insulin can avoid many of the drawbacks of the subcutaneous insulin as it enters the portal circulation and reaches the liver before reaching the systemic circulation [28][29][30][31][32][33][49][50][51][52][53]. As a result, this route does not cause peripheral hyperinsulinemia as it mimics the pathway of the physiologically secreted insulin.…”

“…The inner surface of the vagina has numerous folds, which are called rugae. The rugae plays a significant role in maintaining tension and stiffness of the whole organ and increases the surface area of the vaginal wall [27][28][29][30]. The presence of smooth elastic fibers in the muscular coat also confers excellent elasticity to the vagina.…”