The effect of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat distribution in young and older men

Schwartz, Robert S.; Shuman, William P.; Larson, Valerie G.; Cain, Kevin C.; Fellingham, Gilbert W.; Beard, James C.; Kahn, Steven E.; Stratton, John R.; Cerqueira, Manuel D.; Abrass, Itamar B.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90239-s

Cited by 241 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This latter observation is in agreement with another recent study that demonstrated that body weight change was the only significant correlate of changes in VAT in a small sample of morbid obese women after laparascopic surgery (Busetto et al, 2000). These results should however be interpreted with caution since some studies have also shown that significant changes in VAT can occur with very small changes in body weight when exercise is part of the intervention (Mourier et al, 1997;Schwartz et al, 1991;Thomas et al, 2000;Thong et al, 2000;Treuth et al, 1995). Since exercise has been shown to be related to an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity (Poehlman & Danforth, 1991;Tremblay et al, 1992), and that VAT has a greater lipolytic potential than SAT or TAT (Mauriège et al, 1987), it is possible that VAT may be reduced to a greater extent when exercise is part of the intervention.…”

Section: Dependent Variablesupporting

confidence: 91%

Reduction of visceral adipose tissue during weight loss

et al. 2002

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Objective: The aims of the present study were to retrospectively: (1) compare how weight loss affects the reduction of adipose tissue from three different sites between men and women; and (2) to verify whether gender differences in the reduction of adipose tissue are influenced by changes in fat mass (FM) and initial levels of fat in different compartments. Design: Double-blind randomized treatment with fenfluramine once daily coupled to a non-macronutrient specific energy restriction. Subjects: Seventeen obese men (age 43.9 AE 1.5 and body mass index (BMI) 34.3 AE 0.7) and 17 obese women (age 41.2 AE 1.2 and BMI 35.7 AE 0.6). Interventions: Subjects were given fenfluramine (60 mg) or placebo once daily and were also subjected to a non-macronurient specific energy restriction of 72.9 MJ=day (7700 kcal=day) for 15 weeks. Results: Body weight, FM, fat-free mass (FFM), waist circumference, BMI, as well as visceral (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal (SAT) and thigh (TAT) adipose tissue were all significantly reduced. Men lost significantly more VAT (741.6%) than SAT (722.5%), or than TAT (720.5%) while no site difference in fat loss was observed in women when changes were calculated as a percentage of initial levels. Men lost about twice as much fat from the VAT compartment than did women (P < 0.05), even after having considered changes in FM as a potential covariate. In absolute values, TAT was reduced to a lesser extent in men than in women. However, when initial levels of respective fat depots were also taken into account, gender differences in VAT and TAT loss were no longer statistically significant. Conclusion: These results suggest that gender differences in VAT reduction during weight loss are independent of changes in FM. However, once initial levels of VAT are also taken into account, gender differences in the reduction of this tissue during weight loss are no longer apparent.

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Section: Dependent Variablesupporting

confidence: 91%

Reduction of visceral adipose tissue during weight loss

et al. 2002

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“…SCF area was calculated as the difference between total fat area and IAF area. The variability of these measures made by a single observer is 1.5% and day to day variability is less than 1% [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex

et al. 2003

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Aims/hypothesis. Increased intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, are decreased with insulin resistance. We investigated the relationships between adiponectin and leptin, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and lipoproteins. Methods. We measured plasma adiponectin, leptin and lipid concentrations, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas by CT scan, and insulin sensitivity index (S I ) in 182 subjects (76 M/106F). Results. Adiponectin concentrations were higher in women than in men (7.4±2.9 vs 5.4±2.3 µg/ml, p<0.0001) as were leptin concentrations (19.1±13.7 vs 6.9±5.1 ng/ml, p<0.0001). Women were more insulin sensitive (S I : 6.8±3.9 vs 5.9±4.4×10 −5 min −1 /(pmol/l), p<0.01) and had more subcutaneous (240±133 vs 187±90 cm 2 , p<0.01), but less intra-abdominal fat (82±57 vs 124±68 cm 2 , p<0.0001). By simple regression, adiponectin was positively correlated with age (r=0.227, p<0.01) and S I (r=0.375, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with BMI (r=−0.333, p<0.0001), subcutaneous (r=−0.168, p<0.05) and intra-abdominal fat (r=−0.35, p<0.0001). Adiponectin was negatively correlated with triglycerides (r=−0.281, p<0.001) and positively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r=0.605, p<0.0001) and Rf, a measure of LDL particle buoyancy (r=0.474, p<0.0001). By multiple regression analysis, adiponectin was related to age (p<0.0001), sex (p<0.005) and intra-abdominal fat (p<0.01). S I was related to intraabdominal fat (p<0.0001) and adiponectin (p<0.0005). Both intra-abdominal fat and adiponectin contributed independently to triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and Rf. Conclusion/interpretation. These data suggest that adiponectin concentrations are determined by intra-abdominal fat mass, with additional independent effects of age and sex. Adiponectin could link intra-abdominal fat with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. [Diabetologia (2003) 46:459-469] Keywords Adiponectin, Acrp30, adipoQ, central obesity, subcutaneous fat, intra-abdominal fat, insulin sensitivity, lipids, hepatic lipase, cardiovascular disease, leptin. It is well recognized that obesity and insulin resistance are closely related [1,2,3,4]. Android body fat distribution is associated with insulin resistance more than is a gynoid body fat distribution [5], with the site of abdominal fat distribution being an additional determinant of insulin sensitivity [6,7,8,9,10,11]. We found in both lean and obese subjects that the intraabdominal fat (IAF) depot is a stronger determinant of insulin sensitivity than the subcutaneous fat (SCF) depot [11], while SCF is the main determinant of the plasma concentration of leptin [11], an adipocyte-derived hormone regulating energy metabolism [12,13].

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“…Several studies have shown that training-induced weight loss is associated with a more favourable composition of lost tissue (fat compared with lean body mass), resulting in a more favourable lower ratio of body fat to lean body mass, as muscle mass is kept or even elevated. [20][21][22] In addition, loss of fat mass in different regions of the body may have different health implications, 19 as abdominal fat, and especially visceral fat, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, loss of abdominal fat may reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, whereas fat on the lower body or in the peripheral sub cutis may have favourable effects on cardiovascular risk factors, and loss of such tissues may increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Some studies have shown that exercise-induced weight loss may result in a lower and more favourable ratio of fat to lean body mass than diet-induced weight loss, as muscle mass is kept or even elevated. [20][21][22] Furthermore, a few studies have shown a preferential loss of unhealthy visceral fat after physical activity, but the results are inconsistent. [23][24][25][26][27] Several large population studies have shown that people who remained active or increased their level of physical activity were less likely to die from cardiovascular disease and from all causes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%