“…As communities pull apart, school leaders are tasked with what Bush and Saltarelli (2000) call ‘desegregation of minds’, often working against societal misconceptions that may, for example, normalize the experiences of conflict-affected groups (Davies, 2010), dehumanize (Staub, 2014), stigmatize (Kamungi, 2013) or pathologize their non-normal status (Shields, 2004). For pupils, exposure to violence produces social-emotional frustrations, moral distortion (Boyden and Ryder, 1996: UNICEF-Kenya, 2010) or trauma, as witnessed among pupils in conflict-affected schools in Kenya (Nasongo and Muolo, 2011). Pupils’ cognitive and social competencies are purportedly delayed or curtailed due to breakdown of community structures (Machel, 1996), while some arrive in school ‘militarized’ through participation in violence, requiring ‘demilitarization’ (Bush and Saltarelli, 2000).…”