The Effect of Interventions Led by Community Pharmacists in Primary Care for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Therapeutic Adherence and HbA1c Levels: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been assessed as a widespread disease globally. Unfortunately, this illness can occasionally go undetected and without symptoms until it reaches the emergency condition, and this can be notably true in patients who do not receive routine medical care. Pharmacists are the foremost accessible health care providers. They can help patients select the most appropriate hypoglycemic management strategy through their experiences. This review aimed to provide an overview of the literature published on community pharmacists’ interventions that are currently used and their usefulness in improving patient adherence and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Relevant studies were retrieved through a comprehensive search of three databases, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and CINAHL (2010 to 2020). In total, 8362 publications were identified. The final protocol was based on the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)”. After applying inclusion and exclusion measures, 21 articles were deemed relevant. In pharmacists’ interventions in diabetes care, patient education and counseling were the most common intervention methods. Essentially, this systematic review provides evidence and identifies the key features that may predict success in enhancing clinical outcomes and patient adherence to treatment. Based on our findings, we suggest further investigations of the root causes of non-adherence problems.

Effect of Sarcopenia on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Long-Term Follow-Up Propensity Score-Matched Diabetes Cohort Study

“…First, because all the patients with and without sarcopenia were enrolled from an Asian population, the corresponding ethnic susceptibility compared with that of a non-Asian population remains unclear; hence, our results should be cautiously extrapolated to non-Asian populations, however, no study has demonstrated significant differences in sarcopenia between Asian and non-Asian patients with diabetes. Second, although the aDCSI (severity of diabetes) has been matched, the therapy of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and whether patients were adherent to this therapy during the observation period were unavailable [ 53 , 54 ]. Third, the diagnoses of all comorbid conditions were based on ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM codes.…”

The Significance of Community Pharmacies' Services Beyond Dispensing Separation: A Rapid Scoping Review

“…Generally, community pharmacists who conducted medication reviews and provided educational counseling were the most common in the 9 included literature searches [16-24]. These are followed by specialized care services for speci c diseases or illnesses being offered by community pharmacists, as underlined in 9 included studies; these services include the management of anticoagulation, minor ailments, epilepsy care, chronic pain intervention, obesity, weight services, medicine and alcohol consultation, and other chronic disease care such as diabetes and hypertension [16,20,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Among the included studies, 3 highlighted the expansion of community pharmacists' services and their responsibilities in preserving the continuity of care for society during public health emergencies [32][33][34]. Community pharmacists also contributed to chronic disease management during the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining the drug supply to the public, serving as vaccinators and screeners, and performing COVID-19 diagnostic tests.…”

Actual practices of community pharmacists in the management of diabetes: a comparison of simulated patient-based study with perceived role of involvement

“…Additionally, they can aid in the management and prevention of chronic conditions like metabolic syndromes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, which will improve patient care (George et al, 2010 ; Erku et al, 2017 ; Belachew et al, 2020 ; Yousuf et al, 2019 ; Dhippayom et al, 2013 ; Katangwe et al, 2019 ; Malik et al, 2022 ). It was also discovered that a diabetic intervention provided by CPPs had better results in treatment outcome (Ali et al, 2012 ; Malik et al, 2022 ; Farag Mohamed et al, 2021 ; Al Assaf et al, 2022 ).…”