The Effect of Intraoral Thermal Changes on the Mechanical Behavior of Nickel-Titanium Wires: An In-Vitro Study

Abstract

Background The continuous light force with a wide range of activation describes the excellent properties of nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires. Shape memory is mainly affected by intraoral thermal changes. This study evaluated the effect of three different constant temperatures (i.e., 12°C, 37°C, and 50°C) on the unloading value of three different 0.016 × 0.022 NiTi archwires. Methodology Three types of 0.016 × 0.022-inch diameter NiTi archwires (American Orthodontics®, Sheboygan, Wisconsin, USA) were used. These were the superelastic type (NT3-SE®), the heat-activated type at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D®), and the thermally activated type at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite®). The unloading forces of the wires were evaluated using a classic three-point bending test (a universal testing machine: Testometric 350M®, Instron, Lincoln Close, Rochdale, England) under three different constant temperatures (12°C, 37°C, and 50°C). Results All types of wires showed thermal sensitivity; at higher temperatures, the unloading forces increased differentially between small and large deflections, while at lower temperatures, the residual strain increased for all wire types. The most affected type by the thermal changes was thermal Ti-Lite®, followed by thermal Ti-D®, and the superelastic type NT3-SE® showed a behavior similar to thermal wires. At the low temperature (12°C), all wire types showed an incomplete load/deflection curve, whereas no value was measured at unloading points 2, 1, and 0.5 mm. At the normal temperature (37°C), NT3-SE® type and thermal Ti-D® were similar in force level, while significant differences were noted between both previous types and Thermal Ti-Lite®. At the high temperature (50°C), all wire types showed a higher force level, while significant differences between the wire types were inconsistent. In contrast, increasing the temperature from 37°C to 50°C increased the force levels between 40% and 84% for NT3-SE®, between 44% and 64% for the thermal Ti-D®, and between 61% and 268% for the Thermal Ti-Lite®. When comparing the force levels between 12°C and 50°C at 3 mm, the force levels increased by 66% for NT3-SE®, 25% for Thermal Ti-D®, and 109% for thermal Ti-Lite®, while on comparing the forces between 12°C to 37°C, the forces increased between 15% and 95% for NT3-SE®, 20% and 88% for thermal Ti-D®, and 26% and 78% for thermal Ti-Lite®. The value of residual strain was greater at low temperatures and smaller at higher temperatures, while no significant differences were detected between 37°C and 50°C. Conclusions The temperature degree deeply affected the mechanical behavior of all test NiTi wires; the superelastic type behaved similarly to thermal wires. Increasing the temperature degree leads to more unloading forces and less residual strain.