The effect of ketamine isomers on both mice behavioral responses and c-Fos expression in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices

Awake Rat Pharmacological Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Translational Pharmacodynamic Biomarker: Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Agonist Modulation of Ketamine-Induced Blood Oxygenation Level Dependence Signals

“…Thus, in view that both the anterior cingulate cortex and retrosplenial cortex are involved in various aspects of information processing; the results observed from these studies imply that brain activation in such regions may be reconciled with the underlying psychosis or memory deficits (Sharp et al, 1991). In fact, it has also been consistently demonstrated that systemic administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine can induce psychotomimetic symptoms or behavioral aberrations in animals (Moghaddam et al, 1997;Nishizawa et al, 2000;Becker and Grecksch, 2004), which supports the validity and translatability of the ketamine model for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the molecular insights on this hypoglutamatergic hypothesis remain elusive.…”

“…In addition, it was found that pretreatment of glutamatergic agents seemed to globally modulate rCBV changes in rats challenged with PCP (Gozzi et al, 2008). It is intriguing that ketamine, which can induce psychomimetic symptoms or behavioral aberrations (Moghaddam et al, 1997;Nishizawa et al, 2000;Becker and Grecksch, 2004), produced significant changes of brain activity in several cortical, hippocampal, and midbrain regions in animals and humans (Lång-sjö et al, 2003;Holcomb et al, 2005;Honey et al, 2005;Littlewood et al, 2006). A central translational perspective is to conduct the preclinical studies in a way that would allow the study in humans.…”

Ternary phase diagram of ketamine ((R,S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2methylaminocyclohexanone) in ethanol and preliminary studies aiming at Enantioselective Crystallization of S-ketamine

“…Since its introduction on the market, several studies have recommended its use for post-operatory anesthesia and analgesia, thereby minimizing the use of opiates, which induce very often hyperalgesia (Luft and Mendes, 2005). The problems associated to this drug when used in the same doses as those used in common anesthesia are the adverse effects, such as undesirable psycho reactions and illusions, caused by the R-enantiomer (Nishizawa et al, 2000). A feasible alternative to avoid these problems is the use of an optically pure drug containing only the S-enantiomer instead of the commonly used racemic form.…”

Mapping the central effects of ketamine in the rat using pharmacological MRI

“…Under some circumstances, it indeed appears to have a greater affinity for D 2 receptors when at a high-affinity state than for the PCP site on the NMDA receptor (Seeman et al 2005). Its neuroanatomical targets have been widely investigated in both animal and man and include the cingulate, prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex as well as hippocampal and limbic areas Duncan et al 1999;Lahti et al 1995;Langsjo et al 2003;Lorrain et al 2003;Nishizawa et al 2000).…”