The effect of laboratory stressors on glycemic control and gastrointestinal transit time.

Abstract

This study compared effects of an active coping task (computerized stressors involving arithmetic, anagrams, and Atari games) and a passive coping task (cold pressor) on gastrointestinal transit time and glycemic response to an oral glucose load. Eleven normal weight males were studied; subjects participated in three counterbalanced sessions, each including a 45-minute baseline, 20-minute experimental period (active coping, passive coping, or nonstress control) and 2.5-hour recovery period. The stressors produced different cardiovascular and catecholamine responses; systolic and diastolic blood pressure were highest during cold pressor (p less than 0.001), heart rate was highest during computer stressor (p less than 0.001), and norepinephrine excretion was greatest during cold pressor (p less than 0.002). However, both stressors delayed gastrointestinal transit time compared with the control condition (p less than 0.009 and p less than 0.026 for cold pressor and computerized stressor, respectively) and both delayed the time of peak glucose response (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Implications of these findings for patients with diabetes and for effects of stress on eating behavior are discussed.

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

“…Insofar as the timing implies rapid absorption of glucose, we suggest one possibility is that these subjects were less aroused by the demanding test, and so performed worse subsequently, compared with subjects whose blood glucose was not yet rising. That is, in those latter subjects, glucose absorption may have been delayed by greater arousal in response to the demanding task (Wing et al 1985;Blair et al 1991). Indeed, differing patterns of postprandial blood glucose changes have been associated with personality factors such as extraversion and introversion (Christie & McBrearty, 1979), which in turn could interact with perceived demands of the task.…”

Stress and Diabetes Mellitus

“…They found that an acute psychological stressor delayed the peak glucose response, and, therefore, apparently altered the ability of the subjects to absorb carbohydrates. In a subsequent study, this group demonstrated that this altered metabolic response was attributable to a stress-induced delay in gastrointestinal transit time (69 26) investigated the effect of a physical stressor, namely surgery and anesthesia, on glucagon levels in both normal, nondiabetic subjects and diabetic patients-all of whom were undergoing elective surgery. Serum glucagon and glucose levels were repeatedly sampled during the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods.…”

The Effects of Emotion on Behavioral Inhibitory Control of Two Different Subgroups of Restrained Eaters

“…情绪作为一个独特的激发功能，对人和动物的基本行为进行控制 (Izard & Ackerman, 2000)。从进食动 机、对食物的反应、选择、下咽、进食速度、摄取量 (Greeno & Wing, 1994)到消化吸收的整个进食过程都 受到一些具有弥散性和持久性的情绪的影响 (Greeno & Wing, 1994;Wing, Blair, Epstein, & Mcdermott, 1990;Blair, Wing, & Wald, 1991;Willner & Healy, 1994;Macht & Simons, 2000 (Mm & Hetherington, 2004;Polivy & Herman, 1999;Ruderman, 1986;Herman & Mack, 1975)。但也有少部分研究没有发现限制性饮食者在负性情绪后进食量增加 (Oliver, Wardle, & Gibson, 2000;Heatherton, Herman, & Polivy, 1991)。而如上所说，成功和失败的限制性饮食者在认知和行为 功的限制性饮食者在中性、负性、正性三种情绪启动下对食物线索反应的错误率无显著差异，t ( …”