The effect of lateral eccentricity on failure loads, kinematics, and canal occlusions of the cervical spine in axial loading

Toen, Carolyn Van; Melnyk, Angela D.; Street, John; Oxland, Thomas R.; Cripton, Peter A.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.001

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Relative ROM in axial rotation and lateral bending were significantly influenced by soft tissue injuries whereas those in flexion/ extension were influenced by degeneration of the disk and facet. It is noteworthy that the low eccentricity impacts are associated with greater spinal canal occlusions [38], indicating a greater risk of severe, permanent, and irreversible neurologic impairment. Spinal canal occlusion results, which have been reported elsewhere [38], indicate that the average low eccentricity impact would be expected to result in a mild to moderate extent of SCI while it is unlikely that the high eccentricity impacts would have resulted in SCI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High eccentricity impacts likely result in less clinically stable spines, indicating that post-trauma care including immobilization would be vital for patients with these injuries. As described above, an important consideration is that low eccentricity impacts are associated with greater spinal canal occlusions [38]. As lateral flexion injuries of the cervical spine are associated with injuries to the brachial plexus [2][3][4]10], axial loading with high lateral eccentricities may also be associated with injuries to the spinal nerves and/or brachial plexus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Specimens were randomly assigned to one of two groups and matched to two types of trauma [38]. 3.…”

Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). An adjustable sliding roller assembly on the top of the mounted spine segment allowed the point of impact to be located 1 or 150 % of the average lateral dimension of the cranial-and caudal-most vertebral bodies from the specimen's midline [38]. Specimens were randomly assigned to one of either: low (1 % eccentricity, n = 7) or high (150 % eccentricity, n = 6) eccentricity.…”

Section: Impact Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

et al. 2014

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Specimens were randomly assigned to one of two groups and matched to two types of trauma [38]. 3.…”

Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

et al. 2014

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“…More recent studies (cadaveric) on the neck evaluated the effects of lateral eccentricity (the perpendicular distance from the axial force to the centre of the spine) on peak loads, kinematics and spinal canal occlusions of sub-axial cervical spine specimens tested in dynamic axial compression 70 , and noted differences in the kinematics, kinetics, and injuries of ex vivo osteoligamentous human cervical spine and surrogate head complexes that were instrumented with simulated musculature relative to specimens that were not instrumented with musculature 71 . Unfortunately, these studies provide no useful leads for investigating the cervical spine in vivo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal neck motion

Charlton¹

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Musculoskeletal disorders affect humankind perhaps more than any other category of malady, and at all ages. Prominent amongst such disorders are those apparently afflicting the vertebral column presenting with symptoms of headache and neck pain. Diagnosis of the cause of symptoms implicating structures or dysfunction of the neck as source is fraught with difficulty. Local neck joint kinetic behaviour and motion amplitude commands attention from those with an interest in manipulation, like chiropractors and physiotherapists, as well as surgeons, who all commonly examine patients for an association between perceived anomalies of local joint motion and such symptoms.Anecdotal impressions about the significance of findings made in this fashion form the rationale for therapy, including manual therapy.Although there are data on global neck kinematics, studies of local neck joint kinematic behaviour in appropriate age and gender cohorts of sufficient size to be clinically useful are scarce and contradictory. Remarkably, as investigators seek, but have yet to find, reliable and accurate diagnostic tests to quantify local neck joint motion, surgeons also seek surgically without any such data to relieve spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy caused by mechanical pathology in an intervertebral disc in the cervical spine with insertion of artificial disc prostheses. Thus, for those addressing the causes of otherwise unexplained neck related symptoms, especially surgeons and chiropractors, accurate data and a thorough understanding of neck kinematics (understanding of joint behaviour without consideration of forces) are essential, but absent. This leads to six sets of values of sufficient size for each gender and three age ranges, accounting for inter-observer variation, which no previous study has undertaken in this way. Earlier reports of notional "normal" values for both motion amplitudes and ICR locations appear not to be based on equivalent data.This thesis reveals sufficient differences in values in enough joints for the three different age cohorts representing the commonest age groups presenting with neck pain and related disorders, and in both genders, to render current catalogues of normal motion somewhat unsatisfactory. For normal sagittal plane local joint motion from C2-3 to C6-7 in the human neck, for rotation amplitude values, the Null Hypotheses that no such data in neck kinematics can show differences in values from age cohort to age cohort and/or from gender cohort to gender cohort are rejected. The Null Hypotheses for Instantaneous Axes of Rotation are confirmed.Further, the thesis produces sufficient new evidence to propose more accurate ranges that can be considered as clinically relevant normals as the basis for investigations into clinical causes and assessment of treatment results for mechanically implicated neck pain and related disorders.4

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The Effect of Axial Compression and Distraction on Cervical Facet Cartilage Apposition During Shear and Bending Motions

2022

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During cervical spine trauma, complex intervertebral motions can cause a reduction in facet joint cartilage apposition area (CAA), leading to cervical facet dislocation (CFD). Intervertebral compression and distraction likely alter the magnitude and location of CAA, and may influence the risk of facet fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate facet joint CAA resulting from intervertebral distraction (2.5 mm) or compression (50, 300 N) superimposed on shear and bending motions. Intervertebral and facet joint kinematics were applied to multi rigid-body kinematic models of twelve C6/C7 motion segments (70 ± 13 year, nine male) with specimen-specific cartilage profiles. CAA was qualitatively and quantitatively compared between distraction and compression conditions for each motion; linear mixed-effects models (α = 0.05) were applied. Distraction significantly decreased CAA throughout all motions, compared to the compressed conditions (p < 0.001), and shifted the apposition region towards the facet tip. These observations were consistent bilaterally for both asymmetric and symmetric motions. The results indicate that axial neck loads, which are altered by muscle activation and head loading, influences facet apposition. Investigating CAA in longer cervical spine segments subjected to quasistatic or dynamic loading may provide insight into dislocation and fracture mechanisms.

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The effect of lateral eccentricity on failure loads, kinematics, and canal occlusions of the cervical spine in axial loading

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

Normal neck motion

The Effect of Axial Compression and Distraction on Cervical Facet Cartilage Apposition During Shear and Bending Motions

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