“…The enhancement of CT in each education level utilizes computer technology elaborated with learning curriculum in which the implementation of learning approach or model uses computer supported by some learning media such as scratch, website, robot, computer software, and computer games (Park & Lee, 2015;Peel et al, 2015;Figueiredo, 2017;Valovičová et al, 2020). The utilization of computer technology in robotics programming curriculum is carried out to develop CT skills by implementing coding-based learning (Jeon & Song, 2019;Pérez-Marín et al, 2018;Relkin et al, 2021). The use of scratch in programming education such as computer programming and robotic programming is conducted to enhance CT skills (Constantinou & Ioannou, 2018;Esteve-Mon et al, 2019;Pellas & Vosinakis, 2018;Rodríguez-Martínez et al, 2020;Zha et al, 2021).…”