The effect of lipophilicity and dose on the frequency of statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Irwin, J.; Khalesi, Saman; Fenning, Andrew; Vella, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.013

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The measurement of biochemical parameters indicative of the adverse effects of oral statins revealed that the administration of FP-R1 and FT-R1 was associated with the occurrence of skeletal muscle damage manifested by the increase in CR and CK-MB (Figure A) . CR and CK-MB were not increased in FP-R2 group.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Efficacy and Safety Profiles of Oral Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoparticles: Effect of Size Modulation on Biodistribution

et al. 2017

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Atorvastatin calcium (AC)-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) of mean particle diameter <100 nm and narrow distribution were prepared and characterized. Their in vivo PK as well as PD measures following oral administration in different dosage regimens in hyperlipidemic rats were evaluated. The results revealed that the oral bioavailability of two selected AC-NPs formulations was 235% and 169% relative to Lipitor. However, the treatment regimens were not superior in reducing serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) levels compared to Lipitor. Moreover, the AC-NPs treatments were associated with significant adverse effects observed biochemically and histologically. These results were contradictory with those obtained from a previous study in which similarly formulated AC-NPs of mean particle diameter >200 nm were found to be more safe and effective in reducing TC, LDL, and TG levels when administered to hyperlipiemic rats at reduced dosing frequency compared to daily dose of Lipitor despite their lower oral bioavailability. The discrepant correlation between pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) results was suggested to pertain to the different biodistribution profiles of AC-NPs depending on their sizes. Hereby, we provide a simple approach of particle size modulation to enhance the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Efficacy and Safety Profiles of Oral Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoparticles: Effect of Size Modulation on Biodistribution

et al. 2017

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“…Nevertheless, the FFQ used in the present study was previously validated in a sample of Australian adults (Irwin et al, 2018). The recruitment of participants and subsequent survey completion occurred throughout a teaching term, and the rates of participation were greater in the starting weeks of the teaching term compared to the final weeks when students often have assignments due and exams to complete (and might be more time poor and stressed).…”

Section: Results Of the Logistic Regression Analysis And The Associatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although dietary patterns identified using factor and cluster analyses are recognized for their value in the epidemiological studies, FFQ are often criticized for their subjective nature and might not be representative of participants’ actual food intake. Nevertheless, the FFQ used in the present study was previously validated in a sample of Australian adults (Irwin et al, ). The recruitment of participants and subsequent survey completion occurred throughout a teaching term, and the rates of participation were greater in the starting weeks of the teaching term compared to the final weeks when students often have assignments due and exams to complete (and might be more time poor and stressed).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Survey data were collected between May and September 2017 at CQU and between February and June 2018 at Griffith University using SurveyMonkey (http://www.surveymonkey.com). Food and dietary habits were measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (59 items), previously developed and validated in an Australian population by the project leader (Irwin, Khalesi, Fenning, & Vella, ; Khalesi, Sharma, Irwin, & Sun, ). Participants were asked to report their food consumption frequency in the past 12 months in daily, weekly, or monthly format using a 10 point scale (from “never” to “3–5 times per day”).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between dietary patterns and sociodemographics: A cross‐sectional study of Australian nursing students

Williams

Vandelanotte

Irwin

et al. 2019

Nursing & Health Sciences

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Lack of time, financial issues, and stressful clinical and educational environments in nursing studies promote higher intakes of convenience and fast foods loaded with fat and sugar, which are linked to reduced mental and physical health. In this study, we examined the dietary patterns of nursing students and their associated sociodemographic factors to inform the development of future health‐promotion interventions. A total of 548 Bachelor of Nursing students were invited to complete a survey. Associations were explored using χ2 and logistic regression. Three dietary patterns were identified: healthy (fruit, vegetables, and legumes), Western (loaded with fat, sugar, and salt), and unbalanced. Only 21% of participants were classified as following a healthy dietary pattern, and more likely to be older (>35 years old) and have a personal annual income between $AUD20 000–$59 999 and $60 000–$99 999. Students with one to two and three or more children were more likely to follow a Western dietary pattern. There is a need to develop interventions to improve the dietary behaviors of nursing students by health‐promoting activities and the provision of online health resources.

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“…Statins can be divided in to lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic (pravastatin) groups depending on their solubility. Lipophilic and hydrophilic statins can have different side-effects [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Based on the information above, it is possible that statins can directly influence the activity of cytochrome c. The experiments detailed below were performed using pravastatin from the hydrophilic group and simvastatin from the lipophilic group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pravastatin and Simvastatin on the Reduction of Cytochrome C

Csomó

Belik²,

Hrabák³

et al. 2022

JPM

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Statins are used to treat hypercholesterolemia, with several pleiotropic effects. Alongside their positive effects (for example, decreasing blood pressure), they can also bring about negative effects/symptoms (such as myopathy). Their main mechanism of action is inducing apoptosis, the key step being the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. This can be facilitated by oxidative stress, through which glutathione is oxidized. In this research, glutathione was used as a respiratory substrate to measure the mitochondrial oxygen consumption of rat liver with an O2 electrode. The reduction of cytochrome c was monitored photometrically. Hydrophilic (pravastatin) and lipophilic (simvastatin) statins were used for the measurements. Pravastatin reduces the reduction of cytochrome c and the oxygen consumption of the mitochondria, while simvastatin, on the other hand, increases the reduction of cytochrome c and the mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The results make it seem probable that statins influence the mitochondrial oxygen consumption through cytochrome c. Simvastatin could enhance the oxidizing capacity of free cytochrome c, thereby increasing oxidative stress and thus facilitating apoptosis. The observed effects could further the understanding of the mechanism of action of statins and thereby aid in constructing optimal statin therapy for every patient.

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The effect of lipophilicity and dose on the frequency of statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 25 publications

References 63 publications

Efficacy and Safety Profiles of Oral Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoparticles: Effect of Size Modulation on Biodistribution

Efficacy and Safety Profiles of Oral Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoparticles: Effect of Size Modulation on Biodistribution

Association between dietary patterns and sociodemographics: A cross‐sectional study of Australian nursing students

Effect of Pravastatin and Simvastatin on the Reduction of Cytochrome C

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