The effect of low intensity shockwave treatment (Li-SWT) on human myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle

Abstract

BackgroundTransplanting myogenic cells and scaffolds for tissue engineering in skeletal muscle have shown inconsistent results. One of the limiting factors is neovascularization at the recipient site. Low intensity shockwave therapy (Li-SWT) has been linked to increased tissue regeneration and vascularization, both integral to survival and integration of transplanted cells. This study was conducted to demonstrate the response of myoblasts and skeletal muscle to Li-SWT.MethodPrimary isolated human myoblasts and explants were treated with low intensity shockwaves and subsequently cell viability, proliferation and differentiation were tested. Cardiotoxin induced injury was created in tibialis anterior muscles of 28 mice, and two days later, the lesions were treated with 500 impulses of Li-SWT on one of the legs. The treatment was repeated every third day of the period and ended on day 14 after cardiotoxin injection.. The animals were followed up and documented up to 21 days after cardiotoxin injury.ResultsLi-SWT had no significant effect on cell death, proliferation, differentiation and migration, the explants however showed decreased adhesion. In the animal experiments, qPCR studies revealed a significantly increased expression of apoptotic, angiogenic and myogenic genes; expression of Bax, Bcl2, Casp3, eNOS, Pax7, Myf5 and Met was increased in the early phase of regeneration in the Li-SWT treated hind limbs. Furthermore, a late accumulative angiogenic effect was demonstrated in the Li-SWT treated limbs by a significantly increased expression of Angpt1, eNOS, iNOS, Vegfa, and Pecam1. ConclusionTreatment was associated with an early upregulation in expression of selected apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic and satellite cell activating genes after muscle injury. It also showed a late incremental effect on expression of pro-angiogenic genes. However, we found no changes in the number of PAX7 positive cells or blood vessel density in Li-SWT treated and control muscle. Furthermore, Li-SWT in the selected doses did not decrease survival, proliferation or differentiation of myoblasts in vitro.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-017-1879-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparison of the efficacy of the early LI-SWT plus daily tadalafil with daily tadalafil only as penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction

“…A recent meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials demonstrated that LI-SWT significantly improved erectile function as revealed by the increased International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) scores [ 9 ] and erection hardness scores (EHSs) [ 10 ]. LI-SWT can induce microcellular traumatic injuries to the tissues, leading to the release of angiogenic factors and the subsequent neovascularization of the treated tissues [ 11 ]. These activities have led to the assumption that if LI-SWT is applied to the corpora cavernosa, it could improve penile blood flow and endothelial function by stimulating angiogenesis in the penis without any adverse effects [ 12 ].…”

The effects of microenergy acoustic pulses on an animal model of obesity‐associated stress urinary incontinence. Part 1: Functional and histologic studies

“…It has been reported that low‐intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li‐ESWT) stimulates regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and accelerates tissue repair processes . However, another study showed that Li‐ESWT had no incremental effect on PAX7 positive cells and proangiogenic genes in vivo . In the current study, we used a custom‐designed device to generate microenergy acoustic pulses (MAP).…”

“…14 However, another study showed that Li-ESWT had no incremental effect on PAX7 positive cells and proangiogenic genes in vivo. 15 In the current study, we used a custom-designed device to generate microenergy acoustic pulses (MAP). Each wave consists of a single predominantly positivepressure pulse followed by a relatively larger stretchedwave component.…”