“…The effects of feed rate, depth of cut, cutting speed, coolant, shape of the cutting edge, tool wear, tool coating, and workpiece hardness on residual stresses can be investigated separately, where residual stresses are measured after a carefully controlled machining process using a variety of techniques ranging from X-ray diffraction [3,4] to hole drilling [5,6] and deflection-etching [7]. Various materials including steel [3,5,8,9], ceramics [10,11] and composites [12] have been subjected to similar measurements. Some of the observed effects can be summarized as follows.…”