The effect of management practices on stress in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) and its modulation by long-acting neuroleptics: behavioural responses

Diverio, Silvana; Goddard, P. J.; Gordon, Iain J.; Elston, David A.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90133-a

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Objective measures of stress such as heart rate, temperature, and blood parameters were more variable, but tended to suggest less stress in the treated animals than in controls. No side effects of the drug were observed in any of the animals in these studies, given a dose of 1 mg/kg IM [15,17,18], however extrapyramidal signs have been reported to occur early in treatment or at higher doses [4]. In one report [10], apparent extrapyramidal signs were observed in two white-tailed deer, manifesting as continuous self-grooming and facial movements.…”

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of perphenazine has been reported in several species, including impala [6,14,20], red deer [15], and equids such as domestic horses [9], and Przewalski's horses [21]. Flight distance was reduced in the red deer and impala, and animals were subjectively easier to handle [6,14,15].…”

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have examined both subjective and objective effects of this drug, in attempt to describe its usefulness. Its effects have been recently evaluated in red deer [15], bison [16], Nile lechwe [17], wapiti [18], and white-tailed deer [10], in addition to numerous historical references. It has been used alone [17,18] and in combination with other tranquilizers such as azaperone [10,16] and perphenazine [15].…”

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all cases, clinical effects were observed within a few hours, and lasted 3 -4 days. In three studies [15,17,18], treated animals were administered the drug and were compared to controls when challenged with different degrees of stressors including proximity to people and handling for blood collection. In all cases, treated animals were easier to handle and manipulate, their flight distances were reduced, and they appeared subjectively less stressed during and after handling.…”

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flight distance was reduced in the red deer and impala, and animals were subjectively easier to handle [6,14,15]. Treated animals also spent more time eating, and were able to maintain better body condition than controls [6,15]. In the case of the Przewalski's horses, perphenazine was used as part of a protocol to establish a bachelor herd of mature males [21].…”

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

EFFECT OF PERPHENAZINE ENANTHATE IN PYRENEAN CHAMOIS (RUPICAPRA PYRENAICA)

Marco¹,

Cabezón²,

Mentaberre³

et al. 2013

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The term "long-acting neuroleptic" is used to describe a member of a group of tranquilizers that has been used in wildlife over the past 20 years. Tranquilizers comprise one of many groups of pharmacologically active agents that have their primary effect by modulating neurotransmitter activity within the central nervous system [1]. There are five main neurotransmitters that are involved in behavior modification: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Tranquilizers, also referred to as neuroleptics, act as antipsychotics through their action as dopamine antagonists. TranquilizersThe antipsychotic action of dopamine antagonists is achieved by blocking dopamine receptors and increasing turnover of dopamine in the limbic system of the brain, producing a state of "ataraxia" or behavioral quieting that is characterized by decreased emotional reactivity and aggression, and relative indifference to stressful situations [1-3]. Tranquilizers do not cause profound cortical depression (unconsciousness), but will suppress spontaneous movements while sparing spinal reflexes and unconditioned pain reflexes [1,4]. These drugs are used in people as antipsychotics, and are used primarily for the treatment of acute psychoses such as schizophrenia. Typically, these agents work best for treatment of conditions that manifest with episodes of hallucinations, delusion, agitation, and unresponsive behavior [1].Tranquilizers can be categorized according to their potency (minor or major, based on the incidence of side-effects), structural similarities (phenothiazine, benzodiazepine, or butyrophenone), and duration of action (short-acting or longacting). Minor phenothiazine tranquilizers are familiar to most practitioners and include the agents (i.e., promazine, acepromazine) that have historically been used for sedation and anesthesia in domestic species. Typically, the minor tranquilizers produce a greater degree of sedation, while having a higher incidence of anticholinergic and cardiovascular sideeffects, and fewer extrapyramidal side-effects [1]. Major tranquilizers produce less sedation and fewer anticholinergic effects, but have a higher incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects [1].

show abstract

Section: Use Of Long-acting Neuroleptics In Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%