The effect of manganese nanoparticles on apoptosis and on redox and immune status in the tissues of young turkeys

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of Mn nanoparticles would make it possible to reduce the level of this micronutrient added to turkey diets without adversely affecting growth performance, antioxidant and immune status, or apoptosis. The experiment was conducted on 6 groups of turkeys with 10 replications in a two-factor design with 3 dosages of manganese, 100, 50 and 10 mg/kg, and 2 sources, manganese oxide (MnO) and manganese nanoparticles (NP-Mn2O3). The study showed that irrespective of the form of Mn used, reducing the Mn level recommended by British United Turkeys for supplementation of the diet of young turkeys from 100 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg increases the content of this element in the blood with no adverse effect on growth performance or the immune system. The reduction in Mn supplementation in the form of NP-Mn2O3 from 100 to 50 and even to 10 mg/kg of turkey diet has no negative effect on antioxidant defence in young turkeys. A 50% reduction of the recommended Mn level in the form of MnO enhances lipid oxidation processes. Replacing MnO with NP-Mn2O3 in the turkey diet probably can increase apoptosis in young turkeys. On the other hand, irrespective of the form of Mn used, reducing supplementation of the turkey diet with this element from 100 to 50 and even to 10 mg/kg probably can reduce apoptosis.

Effect of Different Levels and Sources of Dietary Copper, Zinc and Manganese on the Performance and Immune and Redox Status of Turkeys

“…These results are consistent with those of our previous studies, which found that reducing addition of Cu and Mn to the turkey diet even to 10% of B.U.T. recommendations had no negative effect on growth performance [3,6,7]. Similarly, Yang et al [27] found no deterioration in the growth performance of chickens whose diet was not supplemented with inorganic forms of Cu, Zn, and Mn.…”

“…In our research on turkeys reared for a longer period (up to 15 weeks of age) and receiving diets supplemented with Mn in the amount of 50% and 10% of the level recommended by B.U.T., oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA was found to increase in proportion to the decrease in Mn [5]. The results of the present study regarding the redox status of turkeys are not in agreement with those obtained in our other research [5,6,7], in which an attempt was made to reduce the addition of Mn to the turkey diet. In the present study, the addition of three elements, Cu, Zn, and Mn, was simultaneously reduced or eliminated, while, in our previous study [5], only the addition of Mn to the turkey diet was reduced, while Zn and Cu were provided according to B.U.T.…”

“…Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) are micronutrients involved in numerous physiological processes, and they are essential for optimal health and growth of birds [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. They play an important role stimulating the immune system [8,9], and additionally support the neutralization of free radicals, which cause serious cell damage [10].…”

Potential Health Effects of Heavy Metals and Carcinogenic Health Risk Estimation of Pb and Cd Contaminated Eggs from a Closed Gold Mine Area in Northern Thailand

“…The average concentration of Mn in drinking water on duck farms and free-grazing ducks in both areas was above the water standards for animal consumption by 5–11 times, as shown in Table 5 . The 10–100 mg kg −1 dosages of Mn can increase apoptosis in young turkeys, increase global DNA methylation, and decrease the activity of antioxidant enzymes [ 81 , 82 ]. Interestingly, the Mn concentration in the feed from chicken and duck farms in this study was found in a range between 57 and 147 mg kg −1 , which might be a potential risk to poultry health in both areas.…”

Comprehensive Approaches of Nanoparticles for Growth Performance and Health Benefits in Poultry: An Update on the Current Scenario

“…Copper and zinc nanoparticles (i) Zinc was accumulated in the liver of broiler chickens (ii) Reduced MDA content (iii) Increased feed consumption and body weight [82] Zinc nanoparticles (i) High doses showed significant changes specially in the liver, congested blood vessels, and proliferation of bile duct [83] Carbon nanoparticles (i) No significant difference was observed in RBC morphology, weight of organs, and other biochemical parameters among the tested and control groups (ii) It was concluded that carbon nanoparticles remain in the body without affecting any major trait [84] TiO 2 nanoparticles (i) TiO 2 nanoparticles affected mRNA levels of different genes which are involved in Wnt signaling (ii) Treatment with TiO 2 resulted in free radical production which disrupted the somite myogenesis and lateral plate mesoderm [85] Silver nanoparticles (i) Increased phagocytosis and leukocyte metabolic activity by application of silver nanoparticles (ii) Antioxidant activity was enhanced with decreasing level of haemoglobin (iii) Increased lipid peroxidation and bilirubin content [7] Silver nanoparticles (i) Silver nanoparticle accumulation was observed in the liver and intestine, and this accumulation was dose-dependent, i.e., higher dose resulted and greater accumulation (ii) Silver nanoparticles resulted in decreased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (iii) Stimulated and activated immune with enhanced oxidative stress system was observed in the AgNP-treated group as compared to control [86] Silver nanoparticles (i) Enhanced immunostimulatory effect was observed (ii) Elevated level of IL-6 demonstrated that higher dose of silver nanoparticles has proinflammatory effect (iii) AgNPs also stimulated B (iv) They also stimulated B lymphocytes which resulted in a higher level of immunoglobulins [86][87][88] Selenium nanoparticles (i) Diet supplementation with selenium resulted in a higher concentration of selenium in different tissues as compared to nontreated groups (ii) It was also demonstrated that selenium source (sodium selenite, nanoselenium, or Se yeast A) had no effect on tissue selenium retention and no significant difference was observed between these groups [89] Selenium nanoparticles (i) Feeding nano-Se increased glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression in the liver (ii) Expression of cytokine genes was also stimulated by feeding with nanoselenium [90] Selenium nanoparticles (i) Improved average daily gain (ADG) and survival ratio (ii) Tissue accumulation of selenium was improved [91] Calcium nanoparticles (i) Greater improvement was observed in average daily gain (ADG), and about 12% improvement was observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) [92] Chromium nanoparticles (i) Increase in food intake was observed in stressed quills, but no significant difference was observed in nonstressed quills [41] improves the thyroid production, growth, weight of liver, semen quality, egg size, feed conversion ratio, and shell thickness [40]…”