The Effect of Marshallian and Jacobian Knowledge Spillovers on Jobs in the Solar, Wind and Energy Efficiency Sector

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to establish if Marshallian and Jacobian knowledge spillovers affect job creation in the green energy sector. Whether these two effects exist is important for the number of jobs created in related fields and jobs pushed away in other sectors. In the analysis, the production efficiency, in terms of jobs and job spillovers, from inventions in solar, wind and energy efficiency, is explored through data envelopment analysis (DEA), based on the Malmquist productivity index, and tobit regression. A panel dataset of American and European firms over the period of 2002–2017 is used. The contribution to the literature is to show the role of the spillovers from the same technology sector (Marshallian externalities), and of the spillovers from more diversified activity (Jacobian externalities). Since previous empirical evidence concerning the innovation effects on the production efficiency is yet weak, the paper attempts to bridge this gap. The empirical findings suggest negative Marshallian externalities, while Jacobian externalities have no statistical impact on the job creation process. The findings are of strategic importance for governments who are developing industrial strategies for renewable energy.

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“…The ANOVA test confirms the difference between the two groups (F-value = 2.295 **; p-value= 0.0076). This result confirms the link between the development of the TIR and job creation established by academic [8,12,21,29,30] and grey literature [16,17,55].…”

“…Following [8,21] report that policies in favour of green economy boost innovation and employment in the EU, the US and Japan. In the same geographical area [29,30] the development of wind power technology has fostered job creation. Conversely, older studies cautiously point to some neutral or negative effects [14,15,31,32].…”

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