The Effect of Microwave Radiation on the Growth and Reproduction of Chickens

Hamid, M.; Boulanger, R. J.; Hodgson, G. C.; Kondra, P. A.; Smith, Kitty P.; Bragg, D. B.

doi:10.1080/00222739.1969.11688731

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Production of layers exposed to 6-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves at power densities of .02 and 400 pW/cm 2 from hatching to 224 days of age was not affected (Hamid et al, 1969). Kondra et al (1970Kondra et al ( , 1972 exposed broilers and laying hens to similar conditions wimout detrimental effects on growth and production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of Exposure to Operant-Controlled Microwaves on Certain Blood and Immunological Parameters in the Young Chick

et al. 1991

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Twenty-two 1-wk-old broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus) were housed at 16 C and operantly conditioned to activate either a 250-W infrared bulb (control) or a microwave generator delivering 13 mW/cm2 (treated). Plasma corticosterone concentration did not differ between groups (P greater than .05) at 4 wk of age. At that time the birds were killed, and post-mortem examination revealed no treatment differences in gross morphology of the chicks or in weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius (P greater than .05). Histological study of comparable segments of spleen, bursa, adrenal, and thyroid tissue did not show differences in any of the chosen parameters (P greater than .05). Heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein content were similar between groups (P greater than .05). These results suggest that operant exposure to low density microwave radiation did not result in stress or immunological disturbances.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of Exposure to Operant-Controlled Microwaves on Certain Blood and Immunological Parameters in the Young Chick

et al. 1991

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“…The major defects were insects which had head and thorax of an adult, but the abdomen of a pupa. Another study [14] has shown that the growth of chicks is retarded when they are exposed to microwave radiation.…”

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confidence: 97%

Overview of the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation

Tyler¹

1973

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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A brief review is given of some of the problems concerning the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with biological systems. It is emphasized that we cannot continue to expand the use and power of the electromagnetic spectrum without adequate consideration of its possible biological effects. New rearch efforts must be started in this area, utilizing a strong and well-coordinated interdisciplinary approach.Manuscript received December 5, 1972. This paper is based on a presentation given at EASCON '72, Washington, D.C., October 17, 1972. The phenominal rise in the use of the electromagnetic spectrum in the last few decades has brought with it increasing concern over the possibility of biological effects. Today, electromagnetic radiations emanate from radar, television, microwave ovens, industrial heat treatment systems, communication systems, medical diathermy units, and many other sources. This type of man-made radiation exposure has no counterpart in man's evolutionary background and was relatively negligible prior to World War II. With the increase in technology, the use of electronic equipment is increasing daily and the potential uses are almost limitless. Not only are more and more equipments being produced, but the power outputs are increasing as well.Where we used to talk in terms of watts, there are systems in operation today which range up to terawatts in power.There is concern about two types of exposure. The first is the exposure of large populations to relative low levels which result from the super-position of the fields from multiple sources. The second type of exposure is smaller groups exposed to potentially high-level emitters, such as radar and medical diathermy devices, and general occupational exposure to other high-powered equipment.Since electromagnetic radiation effects are most likely frequency-dependent, it is convenient to consider the biological effects in relation to the different wavelengths or frequencies. While there are various ways to divide the frequency bands, a simple method is into three major components: microwave, radiofrequency, and low frequency.Microwaves are very high frequency radiation with wavelengths between 10 meters and 1 millimeter (30 GHz). Most of the conc,ern over direct health effects, especially the thermal effects, is focused on the microwave frequency range. The current exposure standard of 10 mW/cm2 applies to the 10 MHz to 100 GHz range [4].Other effects include indirect effects on health through interference with health related devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, hearing aids, and monitoring equipment in hospitals.Radio frequency radiation covers the wavelength region from 10 000 meters to 10 meters (30 kHz -30 MHz). Apart from nonthermal effects, the principal problem in this frequency range is interference with health related devices and communications. There are no standards or guidelines in the United States for permissible exposure of the general public or occupationally exposed groups for frequencies below 10 MHz.Wavelengths from direct cu...

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